Troubleshooting pnpm installation errors
Exported on 6/13/2025 at 06:53:36 GMT+8 from Cursor (1.0.0)
User
PS C:\Users\tannal\tannalwork\projects\intermediate-react-v6> pnpm i pnpm : 无法将“pnpm”项识别为 cmdlet、函数、脚本文件或可运行程序的名称。请检查名称的拼写，如果包括路径，请确保路径正确 ，然后再试一次。 所在位置 行:1 字符: 1
- pnpm i
+ CategoryInfo : ObjectNotFound: (pnpm:String) [], CommandNotFoundException + FullyQualifiedErrorId : CommandNotFoundException
PS C:\Users\tannal\tannalwork\projects\intermediate-react-v6>
PS C:\Users\tannal\tannalwork\projects\intermediate-react-v6> corepack enable
PS C:\Users\tannal\tannalwork\projects\intermediate-react-v6> pnpm i
C:\Users\tannal\AppData\Roaming\fnm\node-versions\v22.13.1\installation\node_modules\corepack\dist\lib\corepack.cjs:21535
if (key == null || signature == null) throw new Error(Cannot find matching keyid: ${JSON.stringify({ signatures, keys })});
^
Error: Cannot find matching keyid: {“signatures”:[{“sig”:“MEUCIQDTfqbml+28PJ74vZmAmVu7VEtH1Q7jfKswXHtbiMfrngIgKMji88nVNKdNlYgXxQV8g7PCYcaxLU1WMfsypIr7ibw=”,“keyid”:“SHA256:DhQ8wR5APBvFHLF/+Tc+AYvPOdTpcIDqOhxsBHRwC7U”}],“keys”:[{“expires”:null,“keyid”:“SHA256:jl3bwswu80PjjokCgh0o2w5c2U4LhQAE57gj9cz1kzA”,“keytype”:“ecdsa-sha2-nistp256”,“scheme”:“ecdsa-sha2-nistp256”,“key”:“MFkwEwYHKoZIzj0CAQYIKoZIzj0DAQcDQgAE1Olb3zMAFFxXKHiIkQO5cJ3Yhl5i6UPp+IhuteBJbuHcA5UogKo0EWtlWwW6KSaKoTNEYL7JlCQiVnkhBktUgg==”}]}
at verifySignature (C:\Users\tannal\AppData\Roaming\fnm\node-versions\v22.13.1\installation\node_modules\corepack\dist\lib\corepack.cjs:21535:47)
at process.processTicksAndRejections (node:internal/process/task_queues:105:5)
at async fetchLatestStableVersion2 (C:\Users\tannal\AppData\Roaming\fnm\node-versions\v22.13.1\installation\node_modules\corepack\dist\lib\corepack.cjs:21672:14)
at async Engine.getDefaultVersion (C:\Users\tannal\AppData\Roaming\fnm\node-versions\v22.13.1\installation\node_modules\corepack\dist\lib\corepack.cjs:22298:23)
at async Engine.executePackageManagerRequest (C:\Users\tannal\AppData\Roaming\fnm\node-versions\v22.13.1\installation\node_modules\corepack\dist\lib\corepack.cjs:22396:47)
at async Object.runMain (C:\Users\tannal\AppData\Roaming\fnm\node-versions\v22.13.1\installation\node_modules\corepack\dist\lib\corepack.cjs:23102:5)
Node.js v22.13.1
PS C:\Users\tannal\tannalwork\projects\intermediate-react-v6>
PS C:\Users\tannal\tannalwork\projects\intermediate-react-v6> corepack enable
PS C:\Users\tannal\tannalwork\projects\intermediate-react-v6> pnpm i
C:\Users\tannal\AppData\Roaming\fnm\node-versions\v22.13.1\installation\node_modules\corepack\dist\lib\corepack.cjs:21535
if (key == null || signature == null) throw new Error(Cannot find matching keyid: ${JSON.stringify({ signatures, keys })});
^
Error: Cannot find matching keyid: {“signatures”:[{“sig”:“MEUCIQDTfqbml+28PJ74vZmAmVu7VEtH1Q7jfKswXHtbiMfrngIgKMji88nVNKdNlYgXxQV8g7PCYcaxLU1WMfsypIr7ibw=”,“keyid”:“SHA256:DhQ8wR5APBvFHLF/+Tc+AYvPOdTpcIDqOhxsBHRwC7U”}],“keys”:[{“expires”:null,“keyid”:“SHA256:jl3bwswu80PjjokCgh0o2w5c2U4LhQAE57gj9cz1kzA”,“keytype”:“ecdsa-sha2-nistp256”,“scheme”:“ecdsa-sha2-nistp256”,“key”:“MFkwEwYHKoZIzj0CAQYIKoZIzj0DAQcDQgAE1Olb3zMAFFxXKHiIkQO5cJ3Yhl5i6UPp+IhuteBJbuHcA5UogKo0EWtlWwW6KSaKoTNEYL7JlCQiVnkhBktUgg==”}]}
at verifySignature (C:\Users\tannal\AppData\Roaming\fnm\node-versions\v22.13.1\installation\node_modules\corepack\dist\lib\corepack.cjs:21535:47)
at fetchLatestStableVersion (C:\Users\tannal\AppData\Roaming\fnm\node-versions\v22.13.1\installation\node_modules\corepack\dist\lib\corepack.cjs:21553:5)
at process.processTicksAndRejections (node:internal/process/task_queues:105:5)
at async fetchLatestStableVersion2 (C:\Users\tannal\AppData\Roaming\fnm\node-versions\v22.13.1\installation\node_modules\corepack\dist\lib\corepack.cjs:21672:14)
at async Engine.getDefaultVersion (C:\Users\tannal\AppData\Roaming\fnm\node-versions\v22.13.1\installation\node_modules\corepack\dist\lib\corepack.cjs:22298:23)
at async Engine.executePackageManagerRequest (C:\Users\tannal\AppData\Roaming\fnm\node-versions\v22.13.1\installation\node_modules\corepack\dist\lib\corepack.cjs:22396:47)
at async Object.runMain (C:\Users\tannal\AppData\Roaming\fnm\node-versions\v22.13.1\installation\node_modules\corepack\dist\lib\corepack.cjs:23102:5)
Node.js v22.13.1
这是什么意思？
Cursor
你好！让我来为你解释这些错误信息并提供解决方案。
错误解释
第一次错误：
pnpm : 无法将“pnpm”项识别为 cmdlet、函数、脚本文件或可运行程序的名称。- 含义： 这表示你的系统（PowerShell）找不到名为
pnpm的命令。就像你输入了一个不存在的程序名一样。通常是因为pnpm没有被安装，或者它的安装路径没有添加到系统的环境变量PATH中。
- 含义： 这表示你的系统（PowerShell）找不到名为
corepack enable- 含义： 你随后运行了
corepack enable，这是一个正确的尝试。Corepack 是 Node.js 内置的一个实验性工具（从 Node.js 16.9 开始），它允许你使用yarn或pnpm等包管理器，而无需全局安装它们。corepack enable会为这些包管理器创建“shim”（垫片）可执行文件，这样当你运行pnpm命令时，Corepack 会自动为你下载并使用正确版本的pnpm。
- 含义： 你随后运行了
第二次错误：
Error: Cannot find matching keyid: ...- 含义： 在你运行
corepack enable后，虽然系统现在能识别pnpm命令（因为它被 Corepack 代理了），但当你再次运行pnpm i时，Corepack 自身遇到了问题。 - 这个
Cannot find matching keyid错误表明 Corepack 在尝试验证pnpm包管理器的数字签名时失败了。Corepack 会下载pnpm的二进制文件，并使用签名来确保这些文件是官方的、未被篡改的。这个错误通常是由于 Corepack 的本地缓存损坏，或者在下载签名信息时出现网络问题导致的。它无法找到匹配的密钥来验证pnpm文件的完整性。
- 含义： 在你运行
解决方案
最常见的解决 Cannot find matching keyid 错误的方法是清除 Corepack 的缓存。这会强制 Corepack 重新下载 pnpm 及其相关的签名信息。
请尝试以下步骤：
清除 Corepack 缓存：
corepack cache clean这个命令会清空 Corepack 存储的任何包管理器二进制文件和元数据。
再次运行
pnpm install：pnpm i在清除了缓存之后，再次尝试运行
pnpm i。Corepack 这次应该会从头开始下载并验证pnpm。
如果问题仍然存在，请确保你的网络连接稳定，并且没有任何防火墙或代理设置阻止 Corepack 访问必要的下载源。
corepack cache clean
pnpm i
User
function verifySignature({ signatures, integrity, packageName, version: version3 }) {
const { npm: keys } = process.env.COREPACK_INTEGRITY_KEYS ? JSON.parse(process.env.COREPACK_INTEGRITY_KEYS) : config_default.keys;
const key = keys.find(({ keyid }) => signatures.some((s) => s.keyid === keyid));
const signature = signatures.find(({ keyid }) => keyid === key?.keyid);
if (key == null || signature == null) throw new Error(Cannot find matching keyid: ${JSON.stringify({ signatures, keys })});
const verifier = (0, import_crypto.createVerify)(SHA256);
verifier.end(${packageName}@${version3}:${integrity});
const valid = verifier.verify(
-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY----- ${key.key} -----END PUBLIC KEY-----,
signature.sig,
base64
);
if (!valid) {
throw new Error(Signature does not match);
}
啥意思吧
Cursor
好的，我们来详细解释一下这段 verifySignature 函数的代码。
这段代码是 Corepack 用来验证下载的包管理器（比如 pnpm）的完整性和真实性的核心部分。简单来说，它就像一个“数字海关”，检查收到的货物（包管理器）是否是正品，并且没有在运输途中被篡改。
我们逐行来看：
function verifySignature({ signatures, integrity, packageName, version: version3 }) {
// 1. 获取用于验证的公钥
// Corepack 首先尝试从环境变量 COREPACK_INTEGRITY_KEYS 中获取公钥。
// 如果环境变量不存在，它会使用 Corepack 默认配置中预设的公钥列表。
const { npm: keys } = process.env.COREPACK_INTEGRITY_KEYS ? JSON.parse(process.env.COREPACK_INTEGRITY_KEYS) : config_default.keys;
// 2. 查找匹配的公钥
// 这里的 `signatures` 是一组签名信息，每个签名都包含一个 `keyid`（密钥ID）。
// 函数会遍历可用的 `keys` 列表，尝试找到一个其 `keyid` 能够与任何传入的 `signatures` 匹配的公钥。
const key = keys.find(({ keyid }) => signatures.some((s) => s.keyid === keyid));
// 3. 查找匹配的签名
// 找到匹配的公钥后，它会从传入的 `signatures` 列表中找到与该公钥 `keyid` 对应的具体签名。
const signature = signatures.find(({ keyid }) => keyid === key?.keyid);
// 4. 关键错误检查：找不到匹配的密钥或签名
// 如果在前面两步中，无法找到一个既能与已知公钥匹配，又能与传入签名匹配的组合，
// 就会抛出你遇到的那个错误：`Error: Cannot find matching keyid: ...`
// 这意味着 Corepack 无法验证所下载的包管理器，因为它找不到正确的“钥匙”来打开“锁”。
if (key == null || signature == null) throw new Error(`Cannot find matching keyid: ${JSON.stringify({ signatures, keys })}`);
// 5. 创建数字签名验证器
// 使用 Node.js 的 `crypto` 模块创建一个 SHA256 算法的验证器。
const verifier = (0, import_crypto.createVerify)(`SHA256`);
// 6. 准备待验证的数据
// 将包名、版本和 `integrity`（一个校验和，代表了包的内容）拼接成一个字符串。
// 这是 Corepack 期望验证的原始数据。
verifier.end(`${packageName}@${version3}:${integrity}`);
// 7. 执行数字签名验证
// 使用找到的公钥 (`key.key`) 和对应的数字签名 (`signature.sig`) 来验证数据的真实性。
// `base64` 指定了签名的编码格式。
const valid = verifier.verify(
`-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----
${key.key}
-----END PUBLIC KEY-----`,
signature.sig,
`base64`
);
// 8. 验证失败处理
// 如果验证结果为 `false`，说明签名不匹配，即数据可能已被篡改，或者签名本身是伪造的。
if (!valid) {
throw new Error(`Signature does not match`);
}
}
总结
这段代码的核心目的是：
- 寻找信任的公钥和对应的数字签名。
- 利用公钥来验证下载的
pnpm（或其他包管理器）的完整性和真实性。 它通过检查包的校验和（integrity）与数字签名是否匹配来完成这一点。 - 如果你看到了
Cannot find matching keyid错误，这意味着 Corepack 无法找到一个已知的公钥来匹配你所下载的pnpm包的数字签名。这通常是因为：- Corepack 的缓存有问题，导致它没有下载或正确存储这些密钥。
- 网络问题导致它无法获取最新的密钥或签名信息。
你之前尝试的 corepack cache clean 命令就是为了解决这个问题，强制 Corepack 重新下载这些验证所需的数据。
function verifySignature({ signatures, integrity, packageName, version: version3 }) {
// 1. 获取用于验证的公钥
// Corepack 首先尝试从环境变量 COREPACK_INTEGRITY_KEYS 中获取公钥。
// 如果环境变量不存在，它会使用 Corepack 默认配置中预设的公钥列表。
const { npm: keys } = process.env.COREPACK_INTEGRITY_KEYS ? JSON.parse(process.env.COREPACK_INTEGRITY_KEYS) : config_default.keys;
// 2. 查找匹配的公钥
// 这里的 `signatures` 是一组签名信息，每个签名都包含一个 `keyid`（密钥ID）。
// 函数会遍历可用的 `keys` 列表，尝试找到一个其 `keyid` 能够与任何传入的 `signatures` 匹配的公钥。
const key = keys.find(({ keyid }) => signatures.some((s) => s.keyid === keyid));
// 3. 查找匹配的签名
// 找到匹配的公钥后，它会从传入的 `signatures` 列表中找到与该公钥 `keyid` 对应的具体签名。
const signature = signatures.find(({ keyid }) => keyid === key?.keyid);
// 4. 关键错误检查：找不到匹配的密钥或签名
// 如果在前面两步中，无法找到一个既能与已知公钥匹配，又能与传入签名匹配的组合，
// 就会抛出你遇到的那个错误：`Error: Cannot find matching keyid: ...`
// 这意味着 Corepack 无法验证所下载的包管理器，因为它找不到正确的“钥匙”来打开“锁”。
if (key == null || signature == null) throw new Error(`Cannot find matching keyid: ${JSON.stringify({ signatures, keys })}`);
// 5. 创建数字签名验证器
// 使用 Node.js 的 `crypto` 模块创建一个 SHA256 算法的验证器。
const verifier = (0, import_crypto.createVerify)(`SHA256`);
// 6. 准备待验证的数据
// 将包名、版本和 `integrity`（一个校验和，代表了包的内容）拼接成一个字符串。
// 这是 Corepack 期望验证的原始数据。
verifier.end(`${packageName}@${version3}:${integrity}`);
// 7. 执行数字签名验证
// 使用找到的公钥 (`key.key`) 和对应的数字签名 (`signature.sig`) 来验证数据的真实性。
// `base64` 指定了签名的编码格式。
const valid = verifier.verify(
`-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----
${key.key}
-----END PUBLIC KEY-----`,
signature.sig,
`base64`
);
// 8. 验证失败处理
// 如果验证结果为 `false`，说明签名不匹配，即数据可能已被篡改，或者签名本身是伪造的。
if (!valid) {
throw new Error(`Signature does not match`);
}
}
User
如何重新下载correpack中的pnpm？
Cursor
要重新下载 Corepack 中的 pnpm，你不需要执行一个专门的“下载 pnpm”命令。Corepack 的设计是当你需要使用某个包管理器时，它会自动帮你管理和下载。
所以，重新下载 pnpm 的步骤是：
清除 Corepack 缓存： 这个命令会删除 Corepack 本地存储的所有包管理器（包括
pnpm）的二进制文件和相关的元数据。corepack cache clean再次运行任何
pnpm命令： 例如，你可以再次运行安装命令。当 Corepack 发现它本地没有pnpm或者缓存已被清除时，它会自动从网络上下载并验证最新版本的pnpm。pnpm i
执行 corepack cache clean 后，下次你运行 pnpm 命令时，Corepack 就会强制重新下载 pnpm。这通常能解决与签名验证或文件损坏相关的 Corepack 内部问题。
corepack cache clean
pnpm i
User
yarn设置代理localhost 7897
Cursor
好的，要为 Yarn 设置代理到 localhost 的 7897 端口，你需要配置 Yarn 的 httpProxy 和 httpsProxy 选项。
请在你的终端中运行以下命令：
yarn config set httpProxy http://localhost:7897
yarn config set httpsProxy http://localhost:7897
yarn config set proxy http://localhost:7897 # 这是一个旧的/通用代理设置，通常httpProxy和httpsProxy更精确
解释：
yarn config set <key> <value>：这是 Yarn 用来设置配置项的命令。httpProxy：用于 HTTP 请求的代理。httpsProxy：用于 HTTPS 请求的代理。proxy：这是一个更通用的代理设置，在某些旧版本的 Yarn 或特定情况下可能有用，但通常httpProxy和httpsProxy是更推荐的。
设置完成后，Yarn 在执行如 yarn install 或 yarn add 等命令时，就会通过 http://localhost:7897 这个代理进行网络请求。
如何验证设置：
你可以运行以下命令来查看 Yarn 的配置：
yarn config list
在输出中你应该能看到 httpProxy 和 httpsProxy 被设置成了你指定的值。
yarn config set httpProxy http://localhost:7897
yarn config set httpsProxy http://localhost:7897
yarn config set proxy http://localhost:7897 # 这是一个旧的/通用代理设置，通常httpProxy和httpsProxy更精确
yarn config list
User
1、富人待人的共同點:明明知道這個人不行，但是他不提醒、不指點、不好為人師，即便是他的認知經驗都超過了對方，他也不會給對方的提建議。 因為無論你是指點、說教，都是需要消耗能量，情商最低的行為就是不停的講道理，智者戒口，愚者指點江山。能說服一個人的從來不是道理，而是南墻;能點醒一個人的從來不是說教，而是磨難。 2、母弱出商賈，父強做史郎，族旺留原籍，家貧走他鄉。父母弱，就要學著做生意去改變命運;父母強，就要學會背靠大樹去入仕為宮。如果宗族很強，就利用家族名望在本地發展，那如果家境貧寒，就需要遠走他鄉去尋找出路了。 3、放下助人情節，尊重他人命運。 社會的游戲規則，一層一層的難度系數和代價，都鎖死著不同的人，層層遞進。才會有這一句話:成年人，最終是被篩選出來的。你能賺得到多少錢，不是時間熬出來的，是社會中的他人把你篩選出來的。 4、帶你賺錢的人，約你學習的人，和你談人生的人，和你聊理想的人，處處為你加油打氣，這才是貴人。故意在人多的時候訓你的人，你別往心里去，他是小人，在沒人的時候，才罵你跟你交心的人，千萬要記住，他是你的貴人。 真正的貴人，會鼓勵你，指引你，幫助你，開拓你的眼界，糾正你的格局，帶給你正能量。 5、一句很有力量的話就是叫允許一切發生。 一切的發生，本身就是不可能去阻擋它的。有一句話叫境隨心變，所有不愉快的東西，你把它放在死亡面前你都可以包容，你都可以解釋，你就通了你就不會過得那麼擰巴了。吃飯，睡覺才是天大的事，其他都可以放放。 6、但凡有掙????的本事，沒有人會免費教給你，要麼交學費，要麼對方真的愿意幫你。不然做3年能成的事情，可能就要花上5年。 7、我很喜歡羅素的一句話:“屏蔽力”是一個人最頂級的能力。任何消耗你的人和事，多看一眼都是你的不對。 8、近幾年明白了一個道理:“就是人完全不需太懂事的，你只要形成自己的一套行事風格并發自內心不覺得有任何問題，那你身邊人就會自己調整，變換出一種能和你相處下去的模式和心態。 你不想想辦法，別人就想想辦法，非常神奇這叫“想辦法”守恒。 9、無論是什麼關系，提供不了情緒價值，給予不了經濟支持，給不了正面陪伴，三點不占一樣，舍棄才是明智之舉。 10、告訴你，“只要你擔心別人會怎麼看你，他們就能奴役你;只有你再也不從自身之外尋求肯定，那你才能真正成為自己的主人。
看看这个？
Cursor
感谢你分享这些深刻的观点和人生感悟！这是一段非常引人深思的文字，涵盖了人际交往、财富观、个人成长、贵人识别、心态调整等多个方面。
我来简单概括一下这些核心思想：
- 关于富人待人与“不好为人师”： 强调了智慧之人不轻易指点他人，认为说教无用，真正的成长来自于亲身经历和磨难。这是一种“放下助人情节，尊重他人命运”的体现。
- 关于家庭背景与命运选择： 总结了古语，说明了不同家庭出身的人，如何根据自身条件选择不同的发展道路（经商、入仕、留守、远走他乡）。
- 放下助人情结，尊重他人命运： 再次强调这一点，指出社会自有其筛选机制，个人的成就更多是被社会筛选出来的结果，而非简单的时间堆砌。
- 识别真假贵人： 区分了真正的贵人（鼓励、指引、帮助、开阔眼界、纠正格局）和小人（当众训斥）以及私下交心之人。
- 允许一切发生与心态调整： 提出“允许一切发生”的强大心态，认为面对不快时，将其置于更宏大的视角（如死亡）下，有助于释然和通达，强调吃饭睡觉才是最重要的。
- 知识和财富的代价： 指出真正的挣钱本事通常不会免费传授，获取知识和经验需要付出代价（学费或对方的真心相助）。
- “屏蔽力”的重要性： 引用罗素的话，强调“屏蔽力”是顶级能力，告诫要远离任何消耗自己的人和事。
- 做自己，他人自会适应： 提出了一个有趣的“想办法”守恒定律，即当你坚持自己的行事风格时，身边的人最终会调整自己来适应你。
- 关系断舍离的标准： 为人际关系提供了实用的衡量标准：如果无法提供情绪价值、经济支持或正面陪伴，那么舍弃这种关系是明智之举。
- 摆脱他人看法，成为自己主人： 强调了自我肯定和摆脱外界评价的重要性，认为只有不再寻求外部肯定，才能真正自由。
总的来说，这些都是关于如何在复杂社会中保持清醒、独立思考、实现个人成长和幸福生活的智慧箴言。它们鼓励人们专注于自身，保持内心强大，并以更成熟和超然的态度面对生活中的挑战和人际关系。
User
Dark+ Theme – It comes installed by default but it’s not the default theme anymore. I’m so used to it that I can’t switch. MonoLisa font – I like fonts and I look at it all day so I was okay paying for it. I have ligatures enabled which is why you might see strange glyphs. If you want ligatures but don’t want to pay, the linked ligature article has a few. I like Cascadia Code from Microsoft.
这些是什么
Cursor
好的，这些是用户在描述他们的开发环境或编辑器设置时提到的两个个性化配置项。
Dark+ Theme (深色+主题)
- 这是什么：
Dark+ Theme是一个非常流行且广泛使用的代码编辑器主题，尤其是针对 Visual Studio Code (VS Code)。它提供了一种深色的界面，背景是深灰或黑色，而代码文本则使用各种颜色高亮显示，以提高可读性和减少眼睛疲劳。 - 用户的描述： 用户提到它“comes installed by default but it’s not the default theme anymore.”（它默认安装，但现在不再是默认主题了）。这意味着它曾经是 VS Code 的默认主题，但后来可能被其他主题（例如
Dark Modern）取代了。尽管如此，用户表示他们“I’m so used to it that I can’t switch.”（我太习惯它了，以至于无法切换）。这表明用户非常喜欢并依赖于这个主题。
- 这是什么：
MonoLisa font (MonoLisa 字体)
- 这是什么：
MonoLisa是一种专为程序员设计的“等宽字体”（monospaced font），通常用于代码编辑器和终端。等宽字体的特点是每个字符（包括空格）都占用相同的水平空间，这使得代码对齐和阅读更加容易。 - 用户的描述：
- “I like fonts and I look at it all day so I was okay paying for it.”（我喜欢字体，而且我整天都在看它，所以我愿意为它付费。）这说明 MonoLisa 是一款付费字体。
- “I have ligatures enabled which is why you might see strange glyphs.”（我启用了连字，所以你可能会看到奇怪的字形。）连字 (Ligatures) 是一种字体特性，它会将某些字符组合（例如
->或===）显示为单个更美观或更具表现力的符号。例如，->可能会显示为一根真正的箭头，===可能会显示为一条粗线或一个特殊符号。用户提到如果看到“奇怪的字形”，那是因为启用了连字。 - “If you want ligatures but don’t want to pay, the linked ligature article has a few. I like Cascadia Code from Microsoft.”（如果你想要连字但不想付费，链接的连字文章有一些。我喜欢微软的 Cascadia Code。）这意味着用户在推荐一款免费的、支持连字的替代字体：
Cascadia Code。
- 这是什么：
总而言之，用户正在分享他们对开发工具（主要是代码编辑器）的个性化设置，强调了主题和字体对于日常编码体验的重要性。
User
github搜索API如何使用，用curl @https://github.com/search?q=language%3Atypst&type=repositories
Cursor
你提供的这个链接 https://github.com/search?q=language%3Atypst&type=repositories 是 GitHub 网站上的一个网页搜索结果页面，而不是 GitHub API 的端点。
GitHub 提供了专门的 REST API 来进行代码、仓库、用户等的搜索。要使用 curl 配合 GitHub API 进行仓库搜索，你需要使用其 API 端点。
GitHub API 搜索仓库的用法
GitHub API 搜索仓库的端点是 https://api.github.com/search/repositories。
你可以通过在 URL 中添加查询参数来指定搜索条件。
基本语法：
curl "https://api.github.com/search/repositories?q=<query>" -H "Accept: application/vnd.github.v3+json"
你的例子 (language:typst) 对应的 API 调用：
为了搜索 language:typst 的仓库，你会这样构造 curl 命令：
curl "https://api.github.com/search/repositories?q=language:typst" \
-H "Accept: application/vnd.github.v3+json"
解释：
"https://api.github.com/search/repositories?q=language:typst": 这是 GitHub API 的实际搜索仓库端点。q=参数后面跟着你的搜索查询字符串，在这里是language:typst。
-H "Accept: application/vnd.github.v3+json": 这个头部是推荐的，它告诉 GitHub API 你希望接收第 3 版的 JSON 格式数据。
身份验证 (Authentication)
GitHub API 有严格的速率限制。如果你不进行身份验证，你每小时可能只能进行很少的请求（通常是 60 个）。为了更高的速率限制（通常是 5000 个请求/小时），你应该使用个人访问令牌 (Personal Access Token) 进行身份验证。
使用个人访问令牌的 curl 示例：
curl -H "Authorization: Bearer YOUR_GITHUB_TOKEN" \
-H "Accept: application/vnd.github.v3+json" \
"https://api.github.com/search/repositories?q=language:typst"
如何获取 YOUR_GITHUB_TOKEN：
- 登录 GitHub。
- 前往
Settings>Developer settings>Personal access tokens>Tokens (classic)。 - 点击
Generate new token。 - 给令牌一个描述性名称，并授予它所需的权限（对于搜索仓库，通常只需要
public_repo或没有特定权限也能搜索公共仓库，但为了安全和未来使用，可以考虑更细粒度的控制，或者只勾选read:org等读取权限）。 - 生成后，复制你的令牌。请妥善保管，它只显示一次。
通过这种方式，你就可以通过 curl 命令行工具与 GitHub API 交互，获取结构化的 JSON 数据，而不是网页 HTML。
curl "https://api.github.com/search/repositories?q=language:typst" \
-H "Accept: application/vnd.github.v3+json"
curl -H "Authorization: Bearer YOUR_GITHUB_TOKEN" \
-H "Accept: application/vnd.github.v3+json" \
"https://api.github.com/search/repositories?q=language:typst"
User
{ “total_count”: 4820, “incomplete_results”: false, “items”: [ { “id”: 740802677, “node_id”: “R_kgDOLCfAdQ”, “name”: “touying”, “full_name”: “touying-typ/touying”, “private”: false, “owner”: { “login”: “touying-typ”, “id”: 156050725, “node_id”: “O_kgDOCU0lJQ”, “avatar_url”: “https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/156050725?v=4”, “gravatar_id”: “”, “url”: “https://api.github.com/users/touying-typ”, “html_url”: “https://github.com/touying-typ”, “followers_url”: “https://api.github.com/users/touying-typ/followers”, “following_url”: “https://api.github.com/users/touying-typ/following{/other_user}”, “gists_url”: “https://api.github.com/users/touying-typ/gists{/gist_id}”, “starred_url”: “https://api.github.com/users/touying-typ/starred{/owner}{/repo}”, “subscriptions_url”: “https://api.github.com/users/touying-typ/subscriptions”, “organizations_url”: “https://api.github.com/users/touying-typ/orgs”, “repos_url”: “https://api.github.com/users/touying-typ/repos”, “events_url”: “https://api.github.com/users/touying-typ/events{/privacy}”, “received_events_url”: “https://api.github.com/users/touying-typ/received_events”, “type”: “Organization”, “user_view_type”: “public”, “site_admin”: false }, “html_url”: “https://github.com/touying-typ/touying”, “description”: “Touying is a powerful package for creating presentation slides in Typst.”, “fork”: false, “url”: “https://api.github.com/repos/touying-typ/touying”, “forks_url”: “https://api.github.com/repos/touying-typ/touying/forks”, “keys_url”: “https://api.github.com/repos/touying-typ/touying/keys{/key_id}”, “collaborators_url”: “https://api.github.com/repos/touying-typ/touying/collaborators{/collaborator}”, “teams_url”: “https://api.github.com/repos/touying-typ/touying/teams”, “hooks_url”: “https://api.github.com/repos/touying-typ/touying/hooks”, “issue_events_url”: “https://api.github.com/repos/touying-typ/touying/issues/events{/number}”, “events_url”: “https://api.github.com/repos/touying-typ/touying/events”, “assignees_url”: “https://api.github.com/repos/touying-typ/touying/assignees{/user}”, “branches_url”: “https://api.github.com/repos/touying-typ/touying/branches{/branch}”, “tags_url”: “https://api.github.com/repos/touying-typ/touying/tags”, “blobs_url”: “https://api.github.com/repos/touying-typ/touying/git/blobs{/sha}”, “git_tags_url”: “https://api.github.com/repos/touying-typ/touying/git/tags{/sha}”, “git_refs_url”: “https://api.github.com/repos/touying-typ/touying/git/refs{/sha}”, “trees_url”: “https://api.github.com/repos/touying-typ/touying/git/trees{/sha}”, “statuses_url”: “https://api.github.com/repos/touying-typ/touying/statuses/{sha}”, “languages_url”: “https://api.github.com/repos/touying-typ/touying/languages”, “stargazers_url”: “https://api.github.com/repos/touying-typ/touying/stargazers”, “contributors_url”: “https://api.github.com/repos/touying-typ/touying/contributors”, “subscribers_url”: “https://api.github.com/repos/touying-typ/touying/subscribers”, “subscription_url”: “https://api.github.com/repos/touying-typ/touying/subscription”, “commits_url”: “https://api.github.com/repos/touying-typ/touying/commits{/sha}”, “git_commits_url”: “https://api.github.com/repos/touying-typ/touying/git/commits{/sha}”, “comments_url”: “https://api.github.com/repos/touying-typ/touying/comments{/number}”, “issue_comment_url”: “https://api.github.com/repos/touying-typ/touying/issues/comments{/number}”, “contents_url”: “https://api.github.com/repos/touying-typ/touying/contents/{+path}”, “compare_url”: “https://api.github.com/repos/touying-typ/touying/compare/{base}…{head}”, “merges_url”: “https://api.github.com/repos/touying-typ/touying/merges”, “archive_url”: “https://api.github.com/repos/touying-typ/touying/{archive_format}{/ref}”, “downloads_url”: “https://api.github.com/repos/touying-typ/touying/downloads”, “issues_url”: “https://api.github.com/repos/touying-typ/touying/issues{/number}”, “pulls_url”: “https://api.github.com/repos/touying-typ/touying/pulls{/number}”, “milestones_url”: “https://api.github.com/repos/touying-typ/touying/milestones{/number}”, “notifications_url”: “https://api.github.com/repos/touying-typ/touying/notifications{?since,all,participating}”, “labels_url”: “https://api.github.com/repos/touying-typ/touying/labels{/name}”, “releases_url”: “https://api.github.com/repos/touying-typ/touying/releases{/id}”, “deployments_url”: “https://api.github.com/repos/touying-typ/touying/deployments”, “created_at”: “2024-01-09T05:09:57Z”, “updated_at”: “2025-06-11T11:39:14Z”, “pushed_at”: “2025-06-10T06:25:14Z”, “git_url”: “git://github.com/touying-typ/touying.git”, “ssh_url”: “git@github.com:touying-typ/touying.git”, “clone_url”: “https://github.com/touying-typ/touying.git”, “svn_url”: “https://github.com/touying-typ/touying”, “homepage”: “https://touying-typ.github.io/”, “size”: 31210, “stargazers_count”: 1400, “watchers_count”: 1400, “language”: “Typst”, “has_issues”: true, “has_projects”: true, “has_downloads”: true, “has_wiki”: true, “has_pages”: true, “has_discussions”: true, “forks_count”: 33, “mirror_url”: null, “archived”: false, “disabled”: false, “open_issues_count”: 28, “license”: { “key”: “mit”, “name”: “MIT License”, “spdx_id”: “MIT”, “url”: “https://api.github.com/licenses/mit”, “node_id”: “MDc6TGljZW5zZTEz” }, “allow_forking”: true, “is_template”: false, “web_commit_signoff_required”: false, “topics”: [ “presentation”, “presentation-slides”, “slides”, “touying”, “typst”, “typst-package” ], “visibility”: “public”, “forks”: 33, “open_issues”: 28, “watchers”: 1400, “default_branch”: “main”, “score”: 1.0
返回的json格式是这样的，有没有办法用jq或者其他好用的工具把name和url提取出来，所有的4820个全部提取出来
Cursor
是的，当然有办法！jq 是处理 JSON 数据的利器，非常适合从你提供的这种结构中提取信息。
使用 jq 提取 name 和 html_url
你的 JSON 结构中，所有仓库信息都包含在 items 数组里。jq 可以很方便地遍历这个数组，并从每个对象中提取你想要的字段。
假设你的 JSON 数据在一个文件里（比如 github_search_results.json），你可以这样使用 jq：
jq '.items[] | {name: .name, url: .html_url}' github_search_results.json
命令解释：
.items: 访问 JSON 根对象中的items键，它是一个数组。[]: 这是jq的数组迭代器。它会将数组中的每个元素分别输出。|: 管道操作符，将前一个表达式的输出作为后一个表达式的输入。{name: .name, url: .html_url}: 这会为每个元素（即每个仓库对象）创建一个新的 JSON 对象。name: .name：创建一个名为name的新字段，其值为当前仓库对象的name字段的值。url: .html_url：创建一个名为url的新字段，其值为当前仓库对象的html_url字段的值。
输出示例：
{
"name": "touying",
"url": "https://github.com/touying-typ/touying"
}
{
"name": "another-repo",
"url": "https://github.com/someuser/another-repo"
}
...
如果你想将所有结果组合成一个 JSON 数组，可以这样做：
jq '[.items[] | {name: .name, url: .html_url}]' github_search_results.json
输出示例（作为单个数组）：
[
{
"name": "touying",
"url": "https://github.com/touying-typ/touying"
},
{
"name": "another-repo",
"url": "https://github.com/someuser/another-repo"
}
// ... 其他所有结果
]
直接从 curl 命令获取数据并管道到 jq
这是更常见的用法，直接将 curl 的输出通过管道传递给 jq，这样就不需要先保存到文件：
curl -s -H "Authorization: Bearer YOUR_GITHUB_TOKEN" \
-H "Accept: application/vnd.github.v3+json" \
"https://api.github.com/search/repositories?q=language:typst&per_page=100" | \
jq '[.items[] | {name: .name, url: .html_url}]'
几点注意事项：
YOUR_GITHUB_TOKEN: 记得替换成你自己的 GitHub 个人访问令牌。-s(silent):curl的这个选项会静默模式，不显示进度或错误信息，只输出数据，这样更方便管道给jq。per_page参数: GitHub API 搜索结果默认每页只返回 30 个结果。要获取更多结果，你需要使用per_page参数，最大是 100。- 分页 (Pagination): 即使设置
per_page=100，GitHub API 单次请求最多也只能返回 100 个结果。要获取你提到的全部 4820 个结果，你需要进行分页请求。这意味着你需要多次调用 API，每次请求不同的页面，直到获取所有数据。这通常需要编写一个脚本来循环处理。
其他工具 (可选)
虽然 jq 是处理 JSON 的首选，但如果你在其他编程语言环境中，也可以使用对应的 JSON 库来处理：
- Python:Python 脚本可以更灵活地处理分页逻辑。
import json import requests headers = { "Authorization": "Bearer YOUR_GITHUB_TOKEN", "Accept": "application/vnd.github.v3+json" } params = { "q": "language:typst", "per_page": 100, "page": 1 # Start with page 1 } all_repos = [] while True: response = requests.get("https://api.github.com/search/repositories", headers=headers, params=params) response.raise_for_status() # Raise an HTTPError for bad responses (4xx or 5xx) data = response.json() for item in data['items']: all_repos.append({"name": item['name'], "url": item['html_url']}) # Check if there are more pages if len(data['items']) < params['per_page'] or not data.get('incomplete_results'): # Simplified check break params['page'] += 1 print(f"Fetching page {params['page']}...") # Print or process all_repos print(json.dumps(all_repos, indent=2))
对于你的需求，jq 是最直接和强大的命令行解决方案。
jq '.items[] | {name: .name, url: .html_url}' github_search_results.json
{
"name": "touying",
"url": "https://github.com/touying-typ/touying"
}
{
"name": "another-repo",
"url": "https://github.com/someuser/another-repo"
}
...
jq '[.items[] | {name: .name, url: .html_url}]' github_search_results.json
[
{
"name": "touying",
"url": "https://github.com/touying-typ/touying"
},
{
"name": "another-repo",
"url": "https://github.com/someuser/another-repo"
}
// ... 其他所有结果
]
curl -s -H "Authorization: Bearer YOUR_GITHUB_TOKEN" \
-H "Accept: application/vnd.github.v3+json" \
"https://api.github.com/search/repositories?q=language:typst&per_page=100" | \
jq '[.items[] | {name: .name, url: .html_url}]'
import json
import requests
headers = {
"Authorization": "Bearer YOUR_GITHUB_TOKEN",
"Accept": "application/vnd.github.v3+json"
}
params = {
"q": "language:typst",
"per_page": 100,
"page": 1 # Start with page 1
}
all_repos = []
while True:
response = requests.get("https://api.github.com/search/repositories", headers=headers, params=params)
response.raise_for_status() # Raise an HTTPError for bad responses (4xx or 5xx)
data = response.json()
for item in data['items']:
all_repos.append({"name": item['name'], "url": item['html_url']})
# Check if there are more pages
if len(data['items']) < params['per_page'] or not data.get('incomplete_results'): # Simplified check
break
params['page'] += 1
print(f"Fetching page {params['page']}...")
# Print or process all_repos
print(json.dumps(all_repos, indent=2))
User
下一页呢？或者直接给我全部的，api怎么请求
Cursor
好的，要获取所有 4820 个结果，你需要理解 GitHub API 的分页机制。
GitHub API 分页机制
GitHub API 的搜索结果是分页的。这意味着你无法通过一次请求就获取所有结果。
- 默认情况下，每页返回 30 个结果。
- 你可以使用
per_page参数将每页的结果数增加到最多100。 - 要获取更多页面，你需要使用
page参数来指定要请求的页码。
例如：
page=1: 第一页（默认）page=2: 第二页page=3: 第三页- …以此类推
如何知道还有没有下一页？
GitHub API 在响应头中会提供 Link 头部，其中包含指向下一页（next）、上一页（prev）、第一页（first）和最后一页（last）的链接。
例如，一个 Link 头部可能看起来像这样：
Link: <https://api.github.com/search/repositories?q=language:typst&per_page=100&page=2>; rel="next", <https://api.github.com/search/repositories?q=language:typst&per_page=100&page=50>; rel="last"
当响应中不再有 rel="next" 的链接时，你就知道已经到达最后一页了。
使用 curl 获取单个下一页（不推荐用于全部结果）
如果你只想获取第二页的结果，你可以这样用 curl：
curl -i -H "Authorization: Bearer YOUR_GITHUB_TOKEN" \
-H "Accept: application/vnd.github.v3+json" \
"https://api.github.com/search/repositories?q=language:typst&per_page=100&page=2"
注意：
- 我在这里加了
-i参数，这样curl会输出响应头，你可以看到Link头部。 - 对于获取所有结果，简单地用
curl迭代多页是非常不方便的，因为它只能发送单次请求。你需要一个脚本来自动化这个过程。
获取全部 4820 个结果（推荐使用脚本）
要获取所有结果，你必须编写一个脚本来循环请求所有页面，直到没有下一页。这里提供一个 Python 示例，因为它易于理解和执行：
import requests
import json
import time
# 替换为你的 GitHub 个人访问令牌
GITHUB_TOKEN = "YOUR_GITHUB_TOKEN"
BASE_URL = "https://api.github.com/search/repositories"
QUERY = "language:typst"
PER_PAGE = 100 # 每页最大100个结果
headers = {
"Authorization": f"Bearer {GITHUB_TOKEN}",
"Accept": "application/vnd.github.v3+json"
}
all_repositories = []
current_page = 1
total_items_fetched = 0
print(f"开始获取 '{QUERY}' 的所有 Typst 仓库信息...")
while True:
params = {
"q": QUERY,
"per_page": PER_PAGE,
"page": current_page
}
print(f"正在请求第 {current_page} 页 (已获取 {total_items_fetched} 个仓库)...")
try:
response = requests.get(BASE_URL, headers=headers, params=params)
response.raise_for_status() # 如果请求失败 (4xx 或 5xx 状态码)，抛出异常
data = response.json()
items = data.get("items", [])
if not items:
print("没有更多数据了，停止分页。")
break
all_repositories.extend([{"name": item['name'], "url": item['html_url']} for item in items])
total_items_fetched += len(items)
# 检查 Link 头部以确定是否有下一页
link_header = response.headers.get("Link")
if link_header:
links = {}
for part in link_header.split(','):
match = part.strip().split(';')
if len(match) == 2:
url = match[0].strip('<>')
rel = match[1].strip(' ').replace('rel="', '').replace('"', '')
links[rel] = url
if "next" in links:
current_page += 1
# GitHub API 速率限制：对于未经验证的用户是 60 请求/小时，
# 对于已验证用户是 5000 请求/小时。
# 即使是已验证用户，也建议在短时间内多次请求之间稍作停顿，
# 以免达到次级速率限制或被暂时阻止。
time.sleep(0.1) # 暂停100毫秒
else:
print("已达到最后一页，停止分页。")
break
else:
# 如果没有 Link 头部，且返回的 items 数量小于 per_page，
# 或者当前页已获取到 total_count，则认为已到最后一页。
# 这是一种备用检查，通常 Link 头部更可靠。
if len(items) < PER_PAGE:
print("返回的项少于每页最大值，假定已是最后一页。")
break
# 如果 total_count 已知，也可以根据 total_count 停止
# 但搜索 API 的 total_count 可能不准确，且仅是估算。
# if data.get('total_count') and total_items_fetched >= data['total_count']:
# print("已获取所有预估的仓库数量。")
# break
current_page += 1 # 继续尝试下一页，以防 Link 头部缺失但有更多数据
except requests.exceptions.RequestException as e:
print(f"请求失败: {e}")
# 处理速率限制：如果遇到 403 状态码且是速率限制错误，可以等待
if response.status_code == 403 and 'X-RateLimit-Remaining' in response.headers and int(response.headers['X-RateLimit-Remaining']) == 0:
reset_time = int(response.headers['X-RateLimit-Reset'])
sleep_duration = max(0, reset_time - time.time()) + 1 # 加1秒确保过reset时间
print(f"达到速率限制，将暂停 {sleep_duration:.2f} 秒后重试。")
time.sleep(sleep_duration)
continue # 继续循环，重试当前页面
break # 其他错误则直接退出
# 将所有提取到的数据保存到 JSON 文件
output_filename = f"{QUERY}_repositories.json"
with open(output_filename, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
json.dump(all_repositories, f, ensure_ascii=False, indent=2)
print(f"\n全部 {len(all_repositories)} 个仓库信息已保存到 {output_filename}")
print(f"总计获取到的仓库数量: {total_items_fetched}")
运行这个 Python 脚本的步骤：
- 安装
requests库： 如果你还没有安装，在终端运行pip install requests。 - 保存代码： 将上述代码保存为
.py文件（例如get_typst_repos.py）。 - 获取个人访问令牌： 按照我之前说的步骤获取你的 GitHub 个人访问令牌，并将其替换到脚本中的
GITHUB_TOKEN变量。 - 运行脚本： 在终端中运行
python get_typst_repos.py。
这个脚本会自动处理分页，直到获取所有可用的 Typst 语言仓库信息，并将它们保存到一个 JSON 文件中。
Link: <https://api.github.com/search/repositories?q=language:typst&per_page=100&page=2>; rel="next", <https://api.github.com/search/repositories?q=language:typst&per_page=100&page=50>; rel="last"
curl -i -H "Authorization: Bearer YOUR_GITHUB_TOKEN" \
-H "Accept: application/vnd.github.v3+json" \
"https://api.github.com/search/repositories?q=language:typst&per_page=100&page=2"
import requests
import json
import time
# 替换为你的 GitHub 个人访问令牌
GITHUB_TOKEN = "YOUR_GITHUB_TOKEN"
BASE_URL = "https://api.github.com/search/repositories"
QUERY = "language:typst"
PER_PAGE = 100 # 每页最大100个结果
headers = {
"Authorization": f"Bearer {GITHUB_TOKEN}",
"Accept": "application/vnd.github.v3+json"
}
all_repositories = []
current_page = 1
total_items_fetched = 0
print(f"开始获取 '{QUERY}' 的所有 Typst 仓库信息...")
while True:
params = {
"q": QUERY,
"per_page": PER_PAGE,
"page": current_page
}
print(f"正在请求第 {current_page} 页 (已获取 {total_items_fetched} 个仓库)...")
try:
response = requests.get(BASE_URL, headers=headers, params=params)
response.raise_for_status() # 如果请求失败 (4xx 或 5xx 状态码)，抛出异常
data = response.json()
items = data.get("items", [])
if not items:
print("没有更多数据了，停止分页。")
break
all_repositories.extend([{"name": item['name'], "url": item['html_url']} for item in items])
total_items_fetched += len(items)
# 检查 Link 头部以确定是否有下一页
link_header = response.headers.get("Link")
if link_header:
links = {}
for part in link_header.split(','):
match = part.strip().split(';')
if len(match) == 2:
url = match[0].strip('<>')
rel = match[1].strip(' ').replace('rel="', '').replace('"', '')
links[rel] = url
if "next" in links:
current_page += 1
# GitHub API 速率限制：对于未经验证的用户是 60 请求/小时，
# 对于已验证用户是 5000 请求/小时。
# 即使是已验证用户，也建议在短时间内多次请求之间稍作停顿，
# 以免达到次级速率限制或被暂时阻止。
time.sleep(0.1) # 暂停100毫秒
else:
print("已达到最后一页，停止分页。")
break
else:
# 如果没有 Link 头部，且返回的 items 数量小于 per_page，
# 或者当前页已获取到 total_count，则认为已到最后一页。
# 这是一种备用检查，通常 Link 头部更可靠。
if len(items) < PER_PAGE:
print("返回的项少于每页最大值，假定已是最后一页。")
break
# 如果 total_count 已知，也可以根据 total_count 停止
# 但搜索 API 的 total_count 可能不准确，且仅是估算。
# if data.get('total_count') and total_items_fetched >= data['total_count']:
# print("已获取所有预估的仓库数量。")
# break
current_page += 1 # 继续尝试下一页，以防 Link 头部缺失但有更多数据
except requests.exceptions.RequestException as e:
print(f"请求失败: {e}")
# 处理速率限制：如果遇到 403 状态码且是速率限制错误，可以等待
if response.status_code == 403 and 'X-RateLimit-Remaining' in response.headers and int(response.headers['X-RateLimit-Remaining']) == 0:
reset_time = int(response.headers['X-RateLimit-Reset'])
sleep_duration = max(0, reset_time - time.time()) + 1 # 加1秒确保过reset时间
print(f"达到速率限制，将暂停 {sleep_duration:.2f} 秒后重试。")
time.sleep(sleep_duration)
continue # 继续循环，重试当前页面
break # 其他错误则直接退出
# 将所有提取到的数据保存到 JSON 文件
output_filename = f"{QUERY}_repositories.json"
with open(output_filename, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
json.dump(all_repositories, f, ensure_ascii=False, indent=2)
print(f"\n全部 {len(all_repositories)} 个仓库信息已保存到 {output_filename}")
print(f"总计获取到的仓库数量: {total_items_fetched}")
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Type / to search Code Issues 855 Pull requests 46 Discussions Actions Security Insights Minimum viable package manager #1554 Closed Closed Minimum viable package manager #1554 @laurmaedje Description laurmaedje opened on Jun 23, 2023 · edited by laurmaedje Building a fully-fledged package manager is complex and too big of a time investment currently. Nonetheless, package management is one of the most asked-for features. That’s why we have decided to build a minimum viable package manager while leaving options for expansion open for the future.
Technical design proposal Packages live on https://github.com/typst/packages Packages are submitted through pull requests (at least for now) Each package version is a separate folder in the repository Packages must have a TOML file with metadata, license, etc. A GitHub action builds tarballs for all packages and uploads them to Azure blob storage Package imports always need to specify the exact version (at least for now). This way, we don’t need to deal with locking or anything like that. While this more easily leads to situations where a package is included in multiple versions, that’s not really a big problem. When a package is imported / included in the CLI, it searches for it in a well-known system location. If not found, it downloads it from its well-known URL. Because packages are immutable and full versions must be specified, the network is not touched if all packages are already available. Similarly, when a package is imported / included in the web app, it searches for it / stores it in the IndexDB A searchable list of packages with documentation will be available on https://typst.app/docs/packages. For now, packages can have one Markdown file of documentation (no Typst HTML export yet :/). In the future, we can have automatic documentation generation à la rustdoc. Search index and docs are also built via GitHub action. While this doesn’t scale, it should take us far enough (the process for each individual package is relatively cheap). We are not yet decided on namespacing. Namespaces could be very useful, for instance for organization or university templates. A global namespace on the other hand is a lot more discoverable for packages. One possibility that would allow us to keep all options open, is to have all packages in a @preview namespace for now (e.g. #import “@preview/somepackage:0.2”).
Submissions There will be guidelines for what criteria a package needs to fulfill to be published. These will be reviewed upon submission via pull request. Below is a first draft of the submission guidelines. These guidelines are up for discussion!
Naming
Names should not include the word typst as it is redundant Names should not be merely descriptive (e.g. not just slides) to create level grounds for everybody, without one package immediately being the “blessed” solution Names (and all package contents) must be safe for work Currently, there are many projects called typst-thing. To be published as packages, these will need to come up with a more creative name. Merely descriptive names could maybe be used in the future if things do become the blessed solution / an extension to the standard library Documentation: All package exports intended for public use must be (at least briefly) documented in the accompanying Markdown file
Size: Packages should not contain large files or a large number of files. This will be judged on a case-by-case basis, but if it needs more than ten files, it should be well-motivated.
License: Packages must be licensed under the terms of an OSI-approved license
Open Questions Best system location for package storage: ${XDG_CACHE_DIR}/typst/packages/* on Unix? Somewhere in AppData on Windows? Should we go with the @preview namespace? Any changes or additions to the submission guidelines? Any feedback on the design would be welcome. We plan to build this package manager in a matter of days and ship it in the next release.
Activity
laurmaedje added rfc on Jun 23, 2023 alerque alerque commented on Jun 23, 2023 alerque on Jun 23, 2023 · edited by alerque Contributor Having experience with package managers (packager for multiple Linux distros, author of typesetting software with external packages, maintainer of vim plugins installable via multiple plugin managers, etc.) I would suggest this approach is going to be very hard to maintain long term. It isn’t a terrible idea to get the ball rolling but you’ll start having trouble with it when things start accruing.
As a case study, Pandoc used to use this approach for their Lua filters repository, but it became basically unmanageable and we’re recently split it up into one repository per filter. Having a mono-repo is just a bottle neck even if you have several maintainers approving things like we did, and you limit people doing crazy stuff that wouldn’t be appropriate to put in front of every user but might actually have a use case or be a testing ground for new stuff.
I would highly recommend you go with the “everything is namespaced @preview” approach to make it much easier to migrate to next iteration of packages once you outgrow this approach.
sascha-andres sascha-andres commented on Jun 23, 2023 sascha-andres on Jun 23, 2023 Not done much with package managers excl using several I would like to add one question:
Could it make sense to vendor packages? Like in a project local folder which can be checked in to git (akin to Go)? That way, it is checkout and compile instead of checkout, waiting for download etc
edhebi edhebi commented on Jun 23, 2023 edhebi on Jun 23, 2023 A few thoughts:
names and namespacing If we want to have distinct names as to avoid “blessed ones”, I feel that we should have namespacing. If I currently have typst-thingy and I can’t/don’t want to give it a fancy name, I’d much rather call it @edhebi/thingy than edhebi-thingy. This is also useful in a more direct manner because for a direct import it makes it available in a thingy module rather than a edhebi-thingy module, which for long package names feel like it would be an issue fairly quicly
All that being said, I do think a @preview namespace is the right call in the beginning, maybe even @preview/v1.
Paths Please do not default to a dot directory right under the home and instead follow the XDG Base Directories spec. This is a defacto standard because a lot of people are realy tired of home directories pollution. In the case of typst, the result would be storing packages in ${XDG_CACHE_DIR}/typst/packages/* and defaulting to $HOME/.cache/typst/packages/*. This also works on other OSes just by using a different fallback values for that directory.
Immutability There’s nothing technically preventing a package from being changed on the website, including an existing version of a package. I’d like to see hashing of packages at some point of the process. having to provide those along with the version would be incredibly unwieldy tho
sascha-andres sascha-andres commented on Jun 23, 2023 sascha-andres on Jun 23, 2023 Reg immutability: having a vendor folder would solve this on a project level
Hashing would be sth like a lock file and checks against this
laurmaedje laurmaedje commented on Jun 23, 2023 laurmaedje on Jun 23, 2023 · edited by laurmaedje Member Author Immutability would not be technically enforced, but it would be part of the submission guidelines and PRs that touch existing package versions would not be merged.
(I updated the directory to XDG_CACHE_DIR in the proposal.)
edhebi edhebi commented on Jun 23, 2023 edhebi on Jun 23, 2023 · edited by edhebi Having looked into it a bit more, a way to be idiomatic on all platforms would be:
if $XDG_CACHE_DIR is defined, use it and store packages under $XDG_CACHE_DIR/typst/packages/
if $XDG_CACHE_DIR is not defined:
On Linux use $HOME/.cache/typst/packages/ On Window use $LOCALAPPDATA/typst/packages/ On MacOS use to $HOME/Library/Caches/typst/packages/ All of those can be implemented as special fallback values
astrale-sharp astrale-sharp commented on Jun 23, 2023 astrale-sharp on Jun 23, 2023 Contributor @Preview namespace is definitely the way to go for a temporary solution like this.
is there a risk with packages (can we still read ssh and invisibly embed it in a pdf)?
if not another solution would be to have a #import “@github.com/astrale-sharp/my_super_pck and maybe an option to specify the hash. checks at runtime if the folder is conveniently organised ( helped by a typst-package.toml file )
ultimately it’s free and people understand that it’s the responsability of the owner of the package.
This could live alongside @Preview where you have the assurance things have been reviewed and won’t change.
Some might argue it’s a terrible idea but I’m not so sure
Dherse Dherse commented on Jun 23, 2023 Dherse on Jun 23, 2023 · edited by Dherse Sponsor Collaborator is there a risk with packages (can we still read ssh and invisibly embed it in a pdf)?
I believe that this falls under another PR/RFC that has been opened that discusses a basic permission systems as a temporary stopgap.
PgBiel PgBiel commented on Jun 23, 2023 PgBiel on Jun 23, 2023 · edited by PgBiel Contributor Following @alerque and @astrale-sharp, while I can see the benefits of hashing out a package manager quickly, perhaps a better idea for now might be to allow users to import packages directly from GitHub à la Deno. Something like #import “@git/github.com/PgBiel/typst-tablex.git” which would take the latest commit from that repository, while adding some specifier like a #commithash or a #v0.0.3 tag would allow being more specific. (Note the @git prefix, which would be generic enough to allow for other sites such as GitLab, codeberg etc.)
I feel this would be better as a temporary solution, as “there is nothing more permanent than a temporary solution” as they say, and this git approach would be permanently viable, while a unified repository requires a lot of maintenance, which I’m not sure would be the best thing for the Typst team to focus on right now. Perhaps it would be nicer to keep that for a more ideal future where Typst has its own package distribution solution instead, which would likely also allow for more flexibility in general.
Anyways, just my two cents :)
laurmaedje laurmaedje commented on Jun 23, 2023 laurmaedje on Jun 23, 2023 · edited by laurmaedje Member Author What I don’t like about the git approach is that:
There’s no central place to discover packages: No search, no docs, no autocomplete for packages There is no guarantee that some package doesn’t randomly change or disappear (even if you add a hash, which realistically nobody will do, it can still disappear) We have to deal with whatever people put into their repositories. The central repository approach allows us to discover potential problems through the PR process and adapt the submission guidelines accordingly. I’m optimistic that the available packages will be easier and safer to use and have better documentation. To access packages in the web app, it would either need to do cross-origin requests to GitHub (difficult because of COEP, could download tons of data, possibly security hazards) or allow random GitHub downloads through our backend (not a fan) More difficult to use packages for templates in the template gallery. With the central approach that can simply be configured through a key in the manifest file In my opinion, the central approach allows for a simpler, safer, and more guided user experience. And good user experience is what Typst is about.
PgBiel PgBiel commented on Jun 24, 2023 PgBiel on Jun 24, 2023 Contributor I agree a central repository is better in general, and would solve the problems you mention, but will the Typst team be able (/ have the time) to maintain it properly? Will it scale properly, when the repository starts inevitably accumulating tons of pull requests (as Typst’s popularity increases)? That’s my main concern, following @alerque’s comments.
I’m not entirely sure how to best tackle this right now. However, if the proposal is implemented as is, we must already have in mind a migration plan for when Typst’s own package distribution solution (something like crates.io) is inevitably rolled out (which would likely make everything a lot easier, once the initial heavy work is done). Of course, such a change, if it occurs, would come only in the far future, though, as I’m sure it would require having its own team of people working on it all the time (preferably separate from the compiler team).
laurmaedje laurmaedje commented on Jun 24, 2023 laurmaedje on Jun 24, 2023 Member Author Packages would be distributed through a REST endpoint. Thus, a migration to a crates.io-like registry would only change the package submission process, not the package retrieval process. It wouldn’t break anything, we could simply push all existing packages from GitHub to that new registry and serve the REST API from there. The repository approach obviously won’t scale forever, but it can bring a good user experience now (even if the package author experience is not yet ideal).
clbarnes clbarnes commented on Jun 25, 2023 clbarnes on Jun 25, 2023 How about a package monorepo where each submission is a submodule? This has a number of advantages:
It isn’t unwieldy to clone the repo as an index - then the tooling only has to check out the requested packages Development happens in different repositories, so developers get to use their preferred host and don’t need every other package in order to develop their own PRs updating submissions have minimal git churn I think submodules’ git histories are fully navigable?
sascha-andres sascha-andres commented on Jun 26, 2023 sascha-andres on Jun 26, 2023 Regarding packages going away: how to prevent this anyways? As a package author I decide on license and stuff. The chances are high, that there might be packages that would disallow feeding a package manager source from a different golden source.
Or the property and rights on packages and code would have to be transferred to some foundation or so.
As much as I would like to see stable packages, it might even be an obligation to remove a package (eg a court ruling).
reknih reknih commented on Jun 26, 2023 reknih on Jun 26, 2023 Member Regarding packages going away: how to prevent this anyways? As a package author I decide on license and stuff.
We will exclusively accept packages with OSI-approved licenses so some sanity ground rules are ensured.
As much as I would like to see stable packages, it might even be an obligation to remove a package (eg a court ruling).
We will not be able to guarantee a package will never be removed. (Could violate any local jurisdictions rules, be harmful to someone, or otherwise in breach of our Terms of Service…) This isn’t a block chain. But under normal circumstances, any given version of a package will not be changed or removed once published. Think about it as a convention.
alerque alerque commented on Jun 26, 2023 alerque on Jun 26, 2023 Contributor Actually removal could be important. Not for example crates.io also guarantees that published packages won’t change, but it does have a yank feature for removing problematic crates.
Dherse Dherse commented on Jun 27, 2023 Dherse on Jun 27, 2023 Sponsor Collaborator a yank feature for removing problematic crates.
While I can see how this is useful for rust, I fail to see in which circumstances that could be useful for packages in typst, after all, typst isn’t expected (hopefully) to make web queries, etc., therefore, security issues or breaking bugs should not be expected. And for breaking bugs, I’d rather see a warning in the CLI warning me that the version is “not recommended for use” or something similar than see my document break.
I think this is of particular interest in scenarios where you’re using automated documentation building pipeline: the pipeline might be five years old, you still expect it to work as the day you set it up.
sascha-andres sascha-andres commented on Jun 27, 2023 sascha-andres on Jun 27, 2023 · edited by sascha-andres While I can see how this is useful for rust, I fail to see in which circumstances that could be useful for packages in typst, after all, typst isn’t expected (hopefully) to make web queries, etc., therefore, security issues or breaking bugs should not be expected.
While this is true currently this does not resolve issues with sth like malicious images. This would not be a problem with typst itself but rather libraries and a package author including content which utilizes the exploit. I think you want to pull such a package. Not to talk about non technical issues.
I think this is of particular interest in scenarios where you’re using automated documentation building pipeline: the pipeline might be five years old, you still expect it to work as the day you set it up.
Agreed. But I also want to trust my build not to have unintended side effects. Not now, nor in five years time. The authors of the tooling I use are not responsible nor have they intended a malicious use case. Unfortunately, in the past, embedded images were an attack vector. And such content would be transportable using packages. Though I am definitely not someone who can judge on the real risk of something like this.
laurmaedje laurmaedje commented on Jun 28, 2023 laurmaedje on Jun 28, 2023 Member Author The Typst compiler now has package management support on main. You can install packages locally or from the global package repository. The repository and all further details are on https://github.com/typst/packages.
We’d be glad if you’d try creating some packages and experimenting with them locally. If you find any issues, feel free to ping me. We will start accepting submissions to the shared package repository tomorrow. We’ll be sure to create a PR template before that.
If everything works out fine, a new release and web app version with package management support will ship within a few days.
reknih closed this as completedon Jul 3, 2023
laurmaedje mentioned this on Jul 31, 2023 Add capability to import a template from a repository. typst/webapp-issues#83
laurmaedje added change request A proposal for changes to an existing feature and removed rfc on Nov 14, 2023 tannal Add a comment new Comment Markdown input: edit mode selected. Write Preview Use Markdown to format your comment Remember, contributions to this repository should follow its contributing guidelines. Metadata Assignees No one assigned Labels change request A proposal for changes to an existing feature Type No type Projects No projects Milestone No milestone Relationships None yet Development No branches or pull requests NotificationsCustomize You’re not receiving notifications from this thread. Participants @alerque @sascha-andres @reknih @clbarnes @PgBiel Issue actions Footer © 2025 GitHub, Inc. Footer navigation Terms Privacy Security Status Docs Contact Manage cookies Do not share my personal information Minimum viable package manager · Issue #1554 · typst/typst1 result No projects were found
这里在讨论什么？
Cursor
你提供的这段文字是 GitHub 上关于 Typst 语言的一个 Issue (#1554) 的讨论内容，标题是 “Minimum viable package manager”（最小可行包管理器）。
核心讨论内容：
这个 Issue 的主要目标是为 Typst 语言构建一个 最小可行（MVP）的包管理器，因为包管理是用户呼声最高的功能之一。
原提案（由 laurmaedje 提出）：
- 包的存储和提交：
- 包将存储在一个中心化的 GitHub 仓库：
https://github.com/typst/packages。 - 包通过 Pull Request (PR) 提交。
- 每个包的版本对应仓库中的一个独立文件夹。
- 包必须包含一个 TOML 格式的元数据文件。
- 通过 GitHub Actions 构建包的 tarball 并上传到 Azure blob 存储。
- 包将存储在一个中心化的 GitHub 仓库：
- 包的导入和使用：
- 导入包时需要指定确切的版本（例如
#import "@preview/somepackage:0.2"），以避免依赖锁定问题。 - CLI（命令行界面）会在已知系统位置查找包，如果找不到则从预设 URL 下载。
- Web 应用会在 IndexDB 中查找和存储包。
- 导入包时需要指定确切的版本（例如
- 发现与文档：
- 提供一个可搜索的包列表和文档页面：
https://typst.app/docs/packages。 - 文档最初是 Markdown 格式，未来可能支持自动生成。
- 提供一个可搜索的包列表和文档页面：
- 命名和提交规范草案：
- 包名不应包含 “typst” 字样。
- 包名不应仅仅是描述性的词语。
- 内容必须适合工作环境（safe for work）。
- 所有公共导出的内容都必须有文档。
- 包大小应适中，文件数量不宜过多。
- 必须使用 OSI 批准的开源许可证。
- 开放问题： 讨论了包在不同操作系统上的最佳存储位置（倾向于遵循 XDG Base Directories 规范）、是否使用
@preview命名空间，以及提交指南的进一步反馈。
主要争议点和社区反馈：
在讨论过程中，社区成员提出了许多有价值的观点和担忧：
- 中心化 mono-repo 的可维护性和扩展性： 有贡献者（如
alerque）担心，随着 Typst 的流行，这种单一仓库模式会成为维护瓶颈，难以长期管理，并举例 Pandoc 的经验。 - 命名空间： 大多数人赞同初期使用
@preview命名空间作为临时解决方案，方便未来迁移。 - 包的本地化（Vendor Packages）： 有人建议允许将包存储在项目本地文件夹，类似于 Go 语言，以便版本控制和离线使用。
- 包的不可变性和删除： 讨论了已发布包的不可变性原则。同时，对于删除有问题（恶意、法律等）包的需求（“yank”功能）也进行了讨论，虽然 Typst 包的安全风险可能不如 Rust 等语言那么高，但仍有必要性。
- 直接从 GitHub 导入： 有人建议临时允许用户直接从 GitHub 仓库导入包（类似于 Deno），认为这更具永久可行性，可以避免中心化仓库的维护负担。
- 原作者（
laurmaedje）对直接 Git 导入的反驳： 他认为直接 Git 导入缺乏中心化的发现机制（搜索、文档）、无法保证包的稳定性和安全性、难以集成到 Web 应用和模板库中，并强调中心化方案能提供更好的用户体验。 - 未来迁移路径： 社区关心当前方案如何平滑地迁移到更成熟的包分发系统（例如类似于 crates.io 的专门注册表）。
laurmaedje回应称，包的分发通过 REST API 进行，未来只需改变提交流程，不会破坏现有获取流程。 - 使用 Git Submodules： 有人提出在 mono-repo 中使用 Git submodule 的想法，以兼顾索引和独立开发。
结论和现状：
- 最终，在 2023年6月28日，
laurmaedje宣布 Typst 编译器已经支持包管理，并且相关的仓库和详细信息已在https://github.com/typst/packages上线。 - 他们即将开始接受向该共享包仓库的提交。
- 此 Issue 于 2023年7月3日 被关闭，标记为已完成。
简而言之，这个 Issue 详细记录了 Typst 团队如何设计和实现了其第一个包管理系统，从最初的设想、社区的反馈、到最终的落地，反映了一个开源项目在关键功能开发过程中的协作和权衡。他们采纳了中心化仓库作为 MVP，并考虑了未来向更完善系统迁移的可能性。
User
github有没有推出AIseach全部仓库的，
Cursor
是的，GitHub 正在逐步推出并增强其基于 AI 的搜索功能，特别是通过以下产品：
GitHub Code Search (代码搜索)
- 这个功能旨在帮助开发者更快、更智能地在所有 GitHub 仓库中查找代码、文件和项目。
- 虽然 GitHub 没有直接将其称为“AI 搜索所有仓库”，但其描述“Find more, search less”（找到更多，搜索更少）暗示了它利用了高级索引和搜索技术，包括可能的 AI/ML 算法来理解代码语义、提高搜索结果的相关性，使其远超传统的基于关键字的搜索。
- 根据你提供的网站内容 1，它被列为 GitHub 的产品之一：“Code Search Find more, search less”。
GitHub Copilot 和 GitHub Models
- GitHub Copilot 主要专注于 AI 辅助代码编写和代码生成，它能理解上下文并提供代码建议。
- GitHub Models (New) 则更侧重于管理和比较 AI 提示。
- 这些虽然不是直接的“搜索所有仓库”功能，但它们体现了 GitHub 将 AI 集成到开发工作流中的更广泛策略，包括增强搜索和代码发现的能力。
所以，虽然没有一个明确标注为“AI Search All Repositories”的独立产品，但 GitHub 的 Code Search 功能已经利用先进技术（很可能包含 AI）来优化对所有仓库的搜索体验，并且其 AI 产品线也在不断扩展。
User
Open Bug 1869995 Opened 1 years ago Updated 5 hours ago Addons and console ignore HTTPS-only exceptions Product: Core ▾ Component: DOM: Security ▾ Version: Firefox 120 Type: enhancement Priority: P3 Severity: N/A Status: NEW Assignee: Unassigned Reporter: muzhi.yu1 Triage Owner: freddy NeedInfo From: abalenal 4 months ago wilsu 5 hours ago CC: 13 people Blocks: https-only-mode Dependency tree / graph See Also: 1714201 1725423 Keywords: good-first-bug Whiteboard: [domsecurity-backlog][lang=c++] Votes: 1 muzhi.yu1 Reporter Description • 1 years ago
User Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10.15; rv:120.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/120.0
Steps to reproduce:
Turn on HTTPS-only mode.
Enter the website http://xxx in HTTPS-only mode exception list.
Use addon or console to fetch non-https website.
Actual results:
Got NS_ERROR_NET_INTERRUPT
Expected results:
Successfully fetch the content muzhi.yu1 Reporter Comment 1 • 1 years ago
Some extra details: the HTTP request is upgraded to HTTPS request and is then rejected. BugBot [:suhaib / :marco/ :calixte]
Comment 2 • 1 years ago
The Bugbug bot thinks this bug should belong to the ‘DevTools::Console’ component, and is moving the bug to that component. Please correct in case you think the bot is wrong. Component: Untriaged → Console Product: Firefox → DevTools Julian Descottes [:jdescottes]
Comment 3 • 1 years ago
Trying to fetch from the devtools console or from the content page does not make a difference here. A http request seems to always get upgraded to https in HTTPS-Only mode, even if the URL is in the list of HTTP exceptions.
Sending to necko for triage. Status: UNCONFIRMED → NEW Component: Console → Networking Ever confirmed: true Product: DevTools → Core Randell Jesup [:jesup] (needinfo me)
Updated • 1 years ago Severity: – → S3 Priority: – → P2 Whiteboard: [necko-triaged][necko-priority-new] Kershaw Chang [:kershaw]
Updated • 1 years ago Severity: S3 → – Component: Networking → DOM: Security Priority: P2 → – Whiteboard: [necko-triaged][necko-priority-new] BugBot [:suhaib / :marco/ :calixte]
Comment 4 • 1 year ago
The severity field is not set for this bug. :freddy, could you have a look please?
For more information, please visit BugBot documentation. Flags: needinfo?(fbraun) Frederik Braun [:freddy]
Comment 5 • 1 year ago
So, people use the exceptions mechanism to unbreak websites. Once a page has been added to the list, it should fully load without any subsequent loads being upgraded (subresources, fetches etc.). However, we should use the document’s URL for subresource loads to determine whether a website has been added to an exception list. One you have added an exception for siteA, then a document on siteB that was successfully upgraded shouldn’t get it’s fetch()es to siteA exempted from https-only. Should it? Flags: needinfo?(fbraun) → needinfo?(ckerschb) Christoph Kerschbaumer [:ckerschb]
Comment 6 • 1 year ago
(In reply to Frederik Braun [:freddy] from comment #5)
So, people use the exceptions mechanism to unbreak websites. Once a page has been added to the list, it should fully load without any subsequent loads being upgraded (subresources, fetches etc.). However, we should use the document's URL for subresource loads to determine whether a website has been added to an exception list. One you have added an exception for siteA, then a document on siteB that was successfully upgraded shouldn't get it's fetch()es to siteA exempted from https-only. Should it?
I think the way it works is, you add siteA to the exception list, then whenever you a top-level load of siteA, we look up in that table of exceptions and exempt the top-level load including it’s subresources. If you load top-level siteB which includes subresources from siteA, then those subresources will be upgraded as expected. As far as I know the excemption list only applies to top-level loads which then causes subresources on that load not be upgraded. Flags: needinfo?(ckerschb) BugBot [:suhaib / :marco/ :calixte]
Comment 7 • 1 year ago
The severity field is not set for this bug. :freddy, could you have a look please?
For more information, please visit BugBot documentation. Flags: needinfo?(fbraun) Frederik Braun [:freddy]
Comment 8 • 1 year ago
(In reply to Christoph Kerschbaumer [:ckerschb] from comment #6)
As far as I know the excemption list only applies to top-level loads which then causes subresources on that load not be upgraded.
Not entirely. We use the same exception mechanism for HTTPS-Only and HTTPS-First mode. But I think we should still be able to do it like this. Thanks for confirming. We should try and get this into the next couple of cycles to make sure interactions between First & Only are well defined. Daniel Veditz [:dveditz]
Comment 9 • 1 year ago
When we talk about “add-ons”, are we referring to console scripts or background scripts? Those have different properties. Blocks: https-only-mode Severity: – → S3 Priority: – → P3 Malte Jürgens [:maltejur]
Comment 10 • 1 year ago
(In reply to Christoph Kerschbaumer [:ckerschb] from comment #6)
As far as I know the excemption list only applies to top-level loads which then causes subresources on that load not be upgraded.
Yes, that should be the case. And that absolutely makes sense considering the following. When page A loads the insecure resource B via fetch, there are two possibilities:
A itself is only available via HTTP. This means the user already has an HTTPS-Only exemption for A, so an exemption for B isn't needed and B loads fine without one.
A is loaded via HTTPS. In that case, trying to fetch B would be considered mixed active content, which means this fetch would be forbidden in every case, even when HTTPS-Only is disabled.
I agree though that add-on background scripts are a weird edge case here. It seems like HTTPS-Only is behaving like the subresource is being loaded from a secure origin as it can’t find an existing exemption and thus always tries to upgrade. Mixed content blocking instead seems to allow requests to insecure resources from add-on background scripts.
I am wondering if this means that we should generally disable HTTPS-Only for add-on background scripts. On the one hand, that would be more consistent with mixed content blocking and less confusing for add-on developers, especially because only a fraction of users are using HTTPS-Only. On the other hand, the current behavior seems to work just fine, as I don’t think we have heard of any add-ons breaking because of HTTPS-Only.
(In reply to Frederik Braun [:freddy] from comment #8)
Not entirely. We use the same exception mechanism for HTTPS-Only and HTTPS-First mode. But I think we should still be able to do it like this.
Thanks for confirming. We should try and get this into the next couple of cycles to make sure interactions between First & Only are well defined.
We do also use these exceptions for HTTPS-First when it is enabled and HTTPS-Only is disabled, but that shouldn’t matter here, right? Daniel Veditz [:dveditz]
Comment 11 • 1 year ago
HTTPS-Only is behaving like the subresource is being loaded from a secure origin [....] Mixed content blocking instead seems to allow requests to insecure resources from add-on background scripts.
Extension background scripts are loaded from a local resource so they are considered a secure context like http://localhost. Does the mixed content blocker apply to localhost? Do extension content scripts get to violate the mixed-content blocker? We do let content scripts do some things that page content can’t. CSP is ignored for content scripts, for example.
The Priority of Constituencies puts users first. It doesn’t mention add-ons but we generally consider those an expression of what the user wants. But if there’s a conflict they come after what the user wants, and I think that’s the case with HTTPS-only.
Background script wants to load something insecurely: OK, the user wants this add-on to work
The user has turned on HTTPS-only: block the load, the user has made an explicit choice that overrides the add-on
The site has an HTTPS-only exception: allow the add-on to load it, again an explicit user choice
We want to continue enforcing HTTPS-only on background scripts in general and ignore misleading analogies with the default mixed-content behavior. But we should also honor the exception list if we can when the load is made on behalf of the user (but continue enforcing the mixed-content blocker on content loaded by a web page).
I’m less sure about what we should do in the dev console. It is literally the user doing it and that is supposed to win. But the main purpose of DevTools is to figure out how a page is working. Loading things the page itself couldn’t have might make it hard to debug some web page problems. “Why is this page broken? when I call the function in DevTools it loads just fine!” Daniel Veditz [:dveditz]
Comment 12 • 1 year ago
This is currently working as-designed. There’s a reasonable case to redefine the exeptions to mean “I know this site is broken, load things insecurely” and apply to all loads. Or have a pref to say “apply exception list to resource loads”. But that’s a feature change, not a bug. It also should either work that way for everyone or not; honoring exceptions on resource loads just for addons and not the user doesn’t make sense. Severity: S3 → N/A Type: defect → enhancement Whiteboard: [domsecurity-backlog] Frederik Braun [:freddy]
Updated • 1 year ago Flags: needinfo?(fbraun) aRIEL
Comment 13 • 7 months ago
Looks like it the same issue as 1714201 and 1725423. Simon Friedberger (:simonf)
Comment 14 • 7 months ago
I just discussed this with :ckerschb, :maltejur and :freddy and we should have all the necessary information in the HTTPS-only code to check if the request is coming from an extension and to check either the loading principal or the destination URL against the exception list instead. Simon Friedberger (:simonf)
Updated • 7 months ago Keywords: good-first-bug Simon Friedberger (:simonf)
Updated • 7 months ago Whiteboard: [domsecurity-backlog] → [domsecurity-backlog][lang=c++] Akash B
Comment 15 • 4 months ago
Hello! I’m new to Firefox (as a contributor) and I’d love to help with this issue! I noticed there was nobody assigned to it.
If nobody is assigned and I can be the assignee, I just had one question about recreating this issue—I don’t get a NS_ERROR_NET_INTERRUPT when I attempt to use fetch() on an http site in the console. Instead, I get this error: Content-Security-Policy: The page’s settings blocked the loading of a resource (connect-src) at http://xxx/ because it violates the following directive: “connect-src https:, and TypeError: NetworkError when attempting to fetch resource.. These seem very similar to the original error described but I just wanted to double check if I’m recreating this correctly/looking in the right place for these error messages. Akash B
Comment 16 • 4 months ago
(In reply to Akash B from comment #15)
Hello! I'm new to Firefox (as a contributor) and I'd love to help with this issue! I noticed there was nobody assigned to it.
If nobody is assigned and I can be the assignee, I just had one question about recreating this issue—I don't get a NS_ERROR_NET_INTERRUPT when I attempt to use fetch() on an http site in the console. Instead, I get this error: Content-Security-Policy: The page’s settings blocked the loading of a resource (connect-src) at http://xxx/ because it violates the following directive: “connect-src https:, and TypeError: NetworkError when attempting to fetch resource.. These seem very similar to the original error described but I just wanted to double check if I'm recreating this correctly/looking in the right place for these error messages.
Oh, and just to clarify, I tried using valid http URLs, too, not just http://xxx/. These still show the same error strings. Malte Jürgens [:maltejur]
Comment 17 • 4 months ago
Hey Akash, I am not sure if what you are describing is the same Bug. Just for my understanding because I can’t reproduce what you describe right now myself: What specific URLs are you testing this on? Flags: needinfo?(abalenal) wilsu
Comment 18 • 2 days ago
I can reproduce Akash’s situation (FF Nightly):
Turned on HTTPS only
Added http://xxx and http://www.google.de to HTTPS only exceptions
fetch("http://www.google.de") and fetch("http://xxx") both produce a very similar error message to what Akash described:Content-Security-Policy: The page’s settings blocked the loading of a resource (connect-src) at http://www.google.de/ because it violates the following directive: “default-src chrome:” debugger eval code:1:6. Also, same reason:TypeError: NetworkError when attempting to fetch resource.`
What I’m not getting is NS_ERROR_NET_INTERRUPT. Daniel Veditz [:dveditz]
Comment 19 • 5 hours ago
At step 3, what page are you on? One of the two you added an exception for? A different one?
The error message you report comes from a site with a content-security-policy (CSP). That’s very different from this bug. Flags: needinfo?(wilsu) See Also: → 1714201, 1725423 You need to log in before you can comment on or make changes to this bug.
所以问题是什么？
Cursor
这个问题（Bug 1869995）在 Mozilla Bugzilla 上讨论的是 Firefox 的 HTTPS-Only 模式下的例外（exceptions）机制没有按预期工作，特别是对于附加组件（Addons）和开发者控制台（DevTools Console）发出的请求。
问题的核心：
当用户在 Firefox 中启用 HTTPS-Only 模式 后，可以为特定的网站添加例外，允许这些网站通过 HTTP 加载，而不是强制升级到 HTTPS。然而，这个 Bug 报告指出：
- 原始问题： 即使网站被添加到 HTTPS-Only 例外列表中，当通过附加组件或开发者控制台尝试
fetch()该 HTTP 网站内容时，请求仍然会被升级到 HTTPS，并因此失败（原始报告中报NS_ERROR_NET_INTERRUPT错误）。这意味着例外规则没有被应用到这些由非网页内容发起的请求。
讨论和演变：
- 初始确认： 开发者确认了该问题，即从 DevTools 控制台或内容页尝试
fetch()HTTP 请求时，即使 URL 在 HTTP 例外列表中，请求仍会被升级。 - 范围澄清： 讨论明确了 HTTPS-Only 例外主要应用于顶级页面加载及其子资源。也就是说，如果用户直接访问一个在例外列表中的 HTTP 网站，整个页面（包括其内部的 HTTP 子资源）都应该正常加载。但如果一个 HTTPS 页面试图加载一个在例外列表中的 HTTP 子资源，这仍会被视为“混合内容”（Mixed Content），并可能被阻止，与 HTTPS-Only 模式无关。
- “Working as-designed”的转变：
Daniel Veditz在 Comment 12 中指出，当前行为（即例外不适用于所有资源加载）是**“按设计工作”的。他认为，如果希望例外列表适用于所有资源加载**，那这是一个功能修改（enhancement），而不是一个 Bug（defect）。这意味着，目前 Firefox 的设计是，HTTPS-Only 例外是为了解决整个网站加载的问题，而不是为了允许任何来源向任何例外网站发起 HTTP 请求。 - 附加组件/控制台的特殊性： 讨论的焦点转向了附加组件和开发者控制台的请求，因为它们被视为“用户意图的表达”。
- 背景脚本： 附加组件的背景脚本被视为“安全上下文”（类似
http://localhost），但其对 HTTP 资源的请求仍然被 HTTPS-Only 模式升级。这里讨论了是否应该对附加组件的请求禁用 HTTPS-Only 模式，或至少荣誉例外列表。结论倾向于：如果用户显式开启了 HTTPS-Only，则优先用户的选择；但如果网站在例外列表，则附加组件也应能加载。 - 开发者控制台： 对于控制台，情况更复杂。虽然是用户直接操作，但如果控制台能加载页面自身无法加载的内容（因为 HTTPS-Only 模式），可能会干扰调试。
- 背景脚本： 附加组件的背景脚本被视为“安全上下文”（类似
- 新出现的问题： 在较新的评论（Comment 15, 18, 19）中，有新的贡献者尝试重现该 Bug 时，却看到了不同的错误信息，例如
Content-Security-Policy(CSP) 相关的错误 (Content-Security-Policy: The page’s settings blocked the loading of a resource (connect-src))，而不是原始的NS_ERROR_NET_INTERRUPT。这表明他们测试的网站可能同时启用了严格的 CSP，导致请求被 CSP 阻止，而与 HTTPS-Only 模式的例外机制无关。因此，Daniel Veditz提醒这可能是与原始 Bug 不同的问题。
总结：
这个 Bug 的核心问题是 HTTPS-Only 模式下的例外规则在处理由 Firefox 附加组件或开发者控制台发起的 HTTP 请求时，没有被正确应用。虽然最初被报告为 Bug，但讨论后期被重新归类为 功能增强（enhancement），因为它涉及到对例外机制的现有设计进行修改。同时，新的测试者遇到了与 CSP 相关的错误，这混淆了原始问题的诊断。
User
vscode怎么设置插件在某个工作区禁用？
Cursor
在 VS Code 中，你可以很方便地设置某个插件（扩展）在特定的工作区禁用，而不会影响它在其他工作区或全局的启用状态。
以下是操作步骤：
打开 VS Code 并进入目标工作区： 首先，确保你打开了你想要禁用插件的工作区（文件夹或多根工作区）。
打开扩展视图： 点击左侧边栏的扩展图标 (通常是四个方块组成) 或者使用快捷键
Ctrl+Shift+X(Windows/Linux) /Cmd+Shift+X(macOS)。找到你想禁用的插件： 在扩展搜索框中输入插件的名称，或者在已安装的插件列表中找到它。
点击插件进行详情页： 点击该插件的名称，进入其详情页面。
禁用工作区插件： 在插件详情页的顶部，你会看到一个“齿轮”图标（
⚙️），点击它。 在弹出的菜单中，选择Disable (Workspace)(禁用（工作区）)。Disable (Workspace)：这将只在当前打开的工作区中禁用此插件。当你切换到其他工作区时，该插件仍然是启用的。Disable (Globally)：这将全局禁用此插件，即在所有工作区和不属于任何工作区的单个文件窗口中都会禁用它。
重新加载窗口（如果需要）： VS Code 可能会提示你“重新加载窗口”以使更改生效。点击“Reload Window”即可。
完成这些步骤后，该插件将仅在当前工作区中处于禁用状态。这对于那些在某些项目中有用但在其他项目中可能产生冲突或不必要的插件来说非常方便。
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Raider @iwillnotbesilenced.bsky.social
关注 It can happen here. It is happening here. 2025年6月12日 02:37
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Artisteroi RLSH @artisteroi-rlsh.bsky.social · 57 分钟前 Currently reading a comic about how capitalists in America were siding with Hitler wanting to adapt his methods to deal with ‘overly democratic workers unions’ as Ford put it. I find it disturbing that even in the early 40s capitalists were fascist in nature.
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Artisteroi RLSH @artisteroi-rlsh.bsky.social · 53 分钟前 And willing to throw democracy out the window for the sake of profit. And still today they do the same thing and the people still put up with this system that keeps most people enslaved and barely alive while heaping reward on the least worthy.
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Christallia @christallia.bsky.social · 40 分钟前 Hey stop attacking those poor defenseless billionaires. It must be really hard for them to work people to death so they can buy their fifth mansion and second island home.
seamiracles.bsky.social @seamiracles.bsky.social · 1 小时前 Come on tho, guys. When you show Pinochet, you have to acknowledge the US supported that coup and supported the right wing torture regimes that arose across Latin America at that time. They trained at the School of the Americas in Georgia for fuck’s sake.
YukonCorneliusJack @yukoncorneliusjack.bsky.social · 44 分钟前 We all know how it tragically ended for these cocksuckers and will end the same way for the asshole in the WH.
Kayin Dreemurr @kayindreemurr.bsky.social · 47 分钟前 It’s also happened here before. We’ve already done some of this stuff before.
And I will keep reminding folks that the Nazi’s especially got inspiration from America!
🏳️🌈Alex Dreemurr🏳️🌈 @alex-e-dreemurr.bsky.social · 2 小时前 Why the fuck is Che Guevara mixed in with Hitler and Mussolini???
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Rocko McDagger @rockomcdagger.bsky.social · 1 小时前 Because this was made by a shitlib think tank
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🏳️🌈Alex Dreemurr🏳️🌈 @alex-e-dreemurr.bsky.social · 1 小时前 Every day liberals give me a new reason to hate them
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Scuderia Luigi Mangione 🇮🇹👑 @forzaalex.tifosi.social · 42 分钟前 remember the midas touch brothers were at the diddy white parties lol
’Weak Beef’ Ali J @alistair-james.bsky.social · 2 小时前 Castro doesn’t belong in this
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Vinniedus @vinniedus.bsky.social · 2 小时前 Why are Castro en Chavez in this video? There was a coup attempt against Chavez, backed by the US. vimeo.com/513876099
THE REVOLUTION WILL NOT BE TELEVISED (2003) “The Revolution Will Not Be Televised” chronicles the failed 2002 coup against Venezuelan President Chavez from inside the presidential palace. The doc… vimeo.com
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Shannon Houston @shannonhouston.bsky.social · 22 分钟前 Thank you! Learned about this in Latin American studies in college (which was when Chavez was still President). Not that he was perfect but… America really hates countries that nationalize their oil companies 👀
tattattat25.bsky.social @tattattat25.bsky.social · 7 分钟前 People… get your ass out and peacefully protest. 💙🇺🇸💙
78 RPM @theemightyquinn.bsky.social · 8 分钟前 Yeah, Lincoln Project who are primarily upset at their fascism delivered abroad coming home. Honestly, fuck these grifting extreme right wing trash people.
cirroccojones.bsky.social @cirroccojones.bsky.social · 5 小时前 It did happen here. Twice. Once to Native Americans and then to black people.
The camera just hadn’t been invented yet to document it.
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Wendy @theonlywendy.bsky.social · 4 小时前 THANK YOU!!!! I swear the amount of selective amnesia in this country is exhausting. 🫠
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Autism Draws CA 🇨🇦🦋🇺🇦💙🌈🦜🌻💪🏼🎨🇺🇸 @autismdrawscanada.bsky.social · 4 小时前 The other component of this selective amnesia is that peaceful protests in America always turn violent because authorities attack people until they have no choice but to defend themselves then get blamed for having to defend themselves. It’s going to get worse before it gets better
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Wendy @theonlywendy.bsky.social · 3 小时前 That part!
Blunt Force Nuisance @combatmarshmallow.bsky.social · 17 分钟前 Wow - at first it’s like, yeah, yeah… then it’s like, woah. That’s one of their best. chills
Jaxson-86 47 @brownejax2024.bsky.social · 1 小时前 100% this is the American holocaust
Biaisa Weda @biaisaweda.bsky.social · 1 小时前 Trump is invading cities across the country with the National Guard and the Marines. We will see more of this.
sticker72.bsky.social @sticker72.bsky.social · 5 小时前
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Fucknazis @justharris.bsky.social · 33 分钟前 Same book. Same supporters. But we can’t say it.
Hittielove2 @hittielove2.bsky.social · 4 小时前 We knew it was going to happen here. Trump told us it would happen here.
Ms Ruby Scarlet ♾️♿✒️🎨🦄☘️🍉 @msrubyscarlet.bsky.social · 5 小时前 Interesting that with the exception of a handful of ’leftist’ leaders, all the ‘dictators’ on this list were sponsored, installed, supported, and/or facilitated by the USA.
Often following a coup organised and funded by the USA.
Listing Chavez, Castro, etc alongside Hitler and Stalin is a joke.
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Rupert Alexander Esq. @rupert-alexander.bsky.social · 5 小时前 ‘Interesting that with the exception of a handful of ’leftist’ leaders, all the ‘dictators’ on this list were sponsored, installed, supported, and/or facilitated by the USA.
Often following a coup organised and funded by the USA’.
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anth @shelloflight.bsky.social · 6 小时前 why is castro in this? he wasn’t a bad guy.
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The Life and Legacy of George Arthur Roberts @thelifeandlega1.bsky.social · 4 小时前 Ditto Hugo Chavez. I don’t see any of the other despots…
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GigiB🇨🇦🪶🧡💛🤍🖤🇵🇪 @gigibu.bsky.social · 1 小时前 IF WHITE AMERICA DOES NOTHING TO STOP THIS, TRUMP WILL NOT STOP. WHITE AMERICA MUST STOP THE WHITE ADMINISTRATION. #usa ##losangeles @governor.ca.gov #California #ice #RACISM
Bobbi Ash @keepamericablue.bsky.social · 39 分钟前 We the people must stop Trump & his madness! And yes we can!!
Moonchild 💫 @itspoetic.bsky.social · 40 分钟前 It wouldn’t happen here if we had people enforcing the rules and law of Constitution !
Trumpyrump should be arrested
padresmellon.bsky.social @padresmellon.bsky.social · 41 分钟前 Fucking Republican’s every single one of them
Jay Schiavone @jaytingle.bsky.social · 42 分钟前 We can only wish the Cuban Revolution would happen here.
invadertenn.bsky.social @invadertenn.bsky.social · 4 小时前 JOIN THIS SATURDAY #50501 www.nokings.org?SQF_SOURCE=5…
No Kings On June 14—Flag Day—Donald Trump wants tanks in the street and a made-for-TV display of dominance for his birthday. A spectacle meant to look like strength. But real power isn’t staged in Washington. … www.nokings.org
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Hellish Children @hellishchildren.bsky.social · 3 小时前
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Ty Cooper @tycooper50.bsky.social · 3 小时前 Peaceful resistance is not futile. It is essential.
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Bri415an 🇺🇸💙🏳️🌈 @bri415an.bsky.social · 47 分钟前 Non-violent but resolute.
annieetheridge.bsky.social
@annieetheridge.bsky.social
· 49 分钟前
Weak tiny men worship, fear and fawn over rich men, “so called strong” men.
We must stop letting men rule societies. They fuck it up over and over again. No man should be reproduced in 2025. None.
O’BrienP 💙 @obrienp.bsky.social · 50 分钟前 😢
JJ @chegranada.bsky.social · 5 小时前 Cuba and Hitler are the same? Really bad propaganda. It’s because of that logic that you have Trump now.
Pattybear 🐻❄️ @pattybear76.bsky.social · 51 分钟前 Powerful.
Lydia Rose @lydzrose.bsky.social · 5 小时前 Yet again, seeing actual fascism and calling it communism.
Yall have been so brainwashed by McCarthyism that you don’t even care about facts or reality, just COMMUNISM BAD ALL THINGS BAD COMMUNIST while sharing shit from the “fascism is just a tiny step too far for us” folks?
Brain broken.
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TrixxyIL @trixxyil.bsky.social · 2 小时前 How could something sheathed in the bible be bad?/S It’s not Sharia Law when Christians do it. They are using god as their motivation. Jesus Christ WOULD NOT support this cruelty.
socalcallie.bsky.social @socalcallie.bsky.social · 2 小时前 ‘No kings day protests’… Let’s pray millions show up.
Marc Starbuck @marcstarbuck.bsky.social · 5 小时前 Where’s Netanyahu?
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Rupert Alexander Esq. @rupert-alexander.bsky.social · 5 小时前
♠️♥️ Mr. LeBeau-Munroe ♣️♦️ @crimsoneternity.bsky.social · 2 小时前 Except this time it’s being done by a brainless, idiotic, ignorant, and demented orange dipshit
I’m Batman Damnit @theangryamerican.bsky.social · 5 小时前 I don’t think Republicans are going to like the consequences of their actions when we prevail.
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Unpleasant Reminders @joltyourmemory.bsky.social · 5 小时前 This man had less restrictive laws than what the GOP is demanding.
How the Romanian rulers who starved their people met their end On Christmas Day 1989, after a tumultuous year, Romanian leader Nicolae Ceausescu and his wife were executed by firing squad against a toilet block. But what led to this egregious event, asks Mick O’H… www.independent.co.uk
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Marco @mgmontini1.bsky.social · 4 小时前 bsky.app/profile/iwil…
Raider @iwillnotbesilenced.bsky.social · 7 小时前 It can happen here. It is happening here.
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Mego Tan @tannal.github.io 主页 探索 通知 私信 动态源 列表 个人资料 设置
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这里在讨论什么？
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这是一个在 Bluesky 平台上的社交媒体讨论串，围绕着一个中心思想展开：“It can happen here. It is happening here.”（它会在这里发生。它正在这里发生。）
这个讨论的核心是关于美国当前政治和社会状况是否正在滑向某种形式的威权主义、法西斯主义或压迫性体制，并与历史上的暴行和独裁者进行比较。
主要讨论点和观点包括：
对美国政治和资本主义的批判：
- 多位评论者将当前的资本主义制度、富人和亿万富翁的行为与历史上的法西斯主义联系起来，认为他们为了利润不惜牺牲民主。
- 有评论讽刺亿万富翁“奴役”民众，并指出他们“愿意将民主抛诸脑后以谋取利润”。
- 一些评论直接指向当前的美国政府（特别是特朗普），认为其行为预示着威权主义的到来，例如“特朗普正在用国民警卫队和海军陆战队入侵全国城市。”
对历史事件和人物的引用与争议：
- 帖子中似乎包含一张（未显示的）图片或视频，其中将希特勒、墨索里尼等人物与切·格瓦拉、卡斯特罗、查韦斯等左翼领导人并列，引发了巨大争议。
- 许多评论者强烈质疑为何将卡斯特罗、查韦斯等人物与希特勒和墨索里尼混为一谈，认为这是“糟糕的宣传”和“洗脑”。他们指出美国历史上曾支持拉美右翼独裁政权和政变，并批评美国对那些将石油国有化的国家抱有敌意。
- 有人提醒，纳粹主义也曾从美国获得灵感，并提及美国历史上对原住民和黑人的暴行，强调“它确实发生过”。
对法西斯主义和共产主义的定义之争：
- 有评论指出，当前看到的是“实际的法西斯主义”，却被错误地称为“共产主义”，认为这是受“麦卡锡主义”洗脑的结果。
关于抵抗和抗议：
- 一些评论呼吁民众“走出去，和平抗议”，强调“和平抵抗并非徒劳，而是必不可少”。
- 也有人悲观地指出，在美国，“和平抗议总是会演变成暴力，因为当局会攻击民众，直到他们别无选择只能自卫，然后却因自卫而受到指责”。
对男性领导和性别平等的激进观点：
- 一条评论（
annieetheridge.bsky.social）提出了非常激进的观点，认为“软弱渺小的男人崇拜、惧怕和讨好有钱人”，并呼吁“我们必须停止让男人统治社会。他们一次又一次地搞砸。2025年不应再有男人被复制。”
- 一条评论（
总的来说，这是一个充满政治色彩、历史反思和对未来担忧的讨论，反映了对美国政治走向和深层社会问题的激烈辩论。
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使用curl调用微博热搜api获取热搜
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要使用 curl 调用微博热搜 API 获取热搜，你需要了解的是，微博的官方 API 通常不对公众开放，并且需要开发者注册、通过复杂的身份验证（如 OAuth 2.0）才能访问。 这意味着你不能简单地用一个 curl 命令就能直接获取热搜数据，像访问一个公共 RSS 订阅那样。
没有一个稳定、公开且无需认证的微博热搜 API 供直接 curl 调用。
市面上可能存在一些第三方抓取或非官方的 API 接口，但这些接口往往不稳定，可能会随时失效，或者有严格的访问限制。由于我无法访问实时互联网信息来提供一个当前可用的非官方 API 端点，我只能为你提供一个概念性的 curl 命令示例，假设存在这样一个公共 API。
概念性 curl 命令示例 (假设有公共 API)
如果微博或某个第三方提供了一个公共的、返回 JSON 格式热搜数据的 API，它可能会是这样的：
# 这是一个假设的、非官方的或示例性的API端点，不保证真实可用。
# 微博官方API通常需要认证，远比这个复杂。
curl "https://example.com/weibo/hot_trends" \
-H "Accept: application/json" \
--compressed \
--silent | jq
命令解释：
"https://example.com/weibo/hot_trends": 这代表一个假设的 API 端点 URL。在实际中，你需要找到一个真实的、可用的微博热搜 API 地址。-H "Accept: application/json": 告诉服务器你希望接收 JSON 格式的响应。--compressed: 允许curl自动处理压缩的响应（如 gzip），通常 API 响应会进行压缩以节省带宽。--silent或-s: 静默模式，不显示curl的进度或错误信息，只输出数据。这对于将输出管道给jq非常有用。| jq: 将curl的输出通过管道传递给jq工具。如果jq已安装，它会帮助你格式化 JSON 输出，使其更易于阅读。
为什么直接调用很难？
- 身份验证 (Authentication)： 微博作为大型平台，其核心数据 API 必然会要求开发者进行身份验证。这通常涉及注册应用、获取 App Key、App Secret，然后通过 OAuth 流程获取访问令牌 (Access Token)。这个令牌需要在每次 API 请求中作为头部或参数发送。
- API 速率限制 (Rate Limiting)： 即使你获得了认证，API 也会有严格的速率限制，防止滥用。
- API 变化： 非官方的抓取接口依赖于微博网页结构的稳定性，一旦微博更新了页面结构，这些接口很可能就会失效。
获取微博热搜的替代方法：
如果你确实需要获取微博热搜数据，更可行的途径通常是：
- 使用爬虫 (Web Scraping)： 编写 Python (如使用
requests和BeautifulSoup或Scrapy) 或其他语言的脚本，直接访问微博网页版的热搜页面，然后解析 HTML 来提取数据。这需要你处理网页结构变化、反爬机制（如验证码、IP 限制）等问题。 - 寻找已有的第三方工具/服务： 有些开发者可能会搭建自己的服务来抓取和提供微博热搜数据，你可以寻找并使用这些服务（通常它们会有自己的 API 或数据接口）。
总结： 遗憾的是，我无法为你提供一个当下可用的、直接通过 curl 调用即可获取微博热搜的公共 API。这主要是因为官方 API 的限制和非官方 API 的不稳定性。
# 这是一个假设的、非官方的或示例性的API端点，不保证真实可用。
# 微博官方API通常需要认证，远比这个复杂。
curl "https://example.com/weibo/hot_trends" \
-H "Accept: application/json" \
--compressed \
--silent | jq
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一段式睡眠和两段式睡眠的区别和研究者和研究成果
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一段式睡眠（Monophasic Sleep）和两段式睡眠（Biphasic Sleep）是人类两种主要的睡眠模式，它们在时间分配、历史文化背景以及对个体的影响上存在显著差异。关于它们的研究也揭示了许多有趣的发现。
一段式睡眠 (Monophasic Sleep)
定义： 一段式睡眠是指在24小时内，将所有睡眠时间集中在一个连续的长时段内完成的睡眠模式。对于大多数成年人来说，这通常发生在夜晚，持续7-9小时。
特点：
- 单一连续： 整个睡眠周期不间断。
- 现代主流： 是现代工业社会和工作时间表下最普遍的睡眠模式。
- 文化影响： 受到人工照明普及和工业革命后固定工作时间的深刻影响。
优缺点：
- 优点： 适应朝九晚五的工作学习节奏；理论上保证了较长的连续深度睡眠。
- 缺点： 可能导致下午出现“午后犯困”或能量低谷；对于一些人来说，强行保持连续睡眠可能不符合其自然生理节奏。
两段式睡眠 (Biphasic Sleep)
定义： 两段式睡眠是指在24小时内，将睡眠时间分为两个主要的独立时段。最常见的形式是夜间主睡眠（例如5-7小时）加上白天的短时间午睡（例如20-90分钟）。另一种历史上的形式是夜间分段睡眠（“first sleep” 和 “second sleep”）。
特点：
- 分段进行： 睡眠被有意地分割成两个部分。
- 历史悠久： 在前工业化时代和许多传统文化（如地中海国家的“午休”Siesta文化）中非常普遍。
- 灵活性： 允许根据个人生理节律或文化习惯调整睡眠时间。
优缺点：
- 优点：
- 提高警觉性和认知功能： 研究表明，午睡能显著提升白天的警觉性、注意力和工作效率。
- 改善情绪： 短暂的午睡有助于减轻压力，改善心情。
- 记忆巩固： 尤其是包含REM睡眠的午睡，对记忆巩固和学习有益。
- 可能更符合自然： 一些研究者认为，分段睡眠可能更接近人类在人工照明出现之前的自然睡眠模式。
- 缺点：
- 与现代社会不兼容： 很难融入到固定的学校或工作日程中。
- 睡眠惯性： 如果午睡时间过长或在深度睡眠阶段醒来，可能会经历短暂的“睡眠惯性”（sleep inertia），感到更加困倦和迟钝。
主要研究者和研究成果
1. 历史角度：罗杰·艾克奇 (Roger Ekirch)
- 研究者： Roger Ekirch (罗杰·艾克奇)，美国弗吉尼亚理工大学历史学教授。
- 主要研究成果： 艾克奇教授是“分段睡眠”（Segmented Sleep）或“双相睡眠”（Biphasic Sleep）历史模式的权威。他的著作《在习以为常的夜里：漫长夜晚的历史》（At Day’s Close: Night in Times Past）通过查阅大量历史文献（包括日记、法庭记录、医学文本等），发现在前工业时代，欧洲和北美地区的人们普遍采用两段式睡眠模式。
- 研究发现：
- 人们通常在日落后不久进入“第一段睡眠”（first sleep），持续约3-4小时。
- 然后在午夜时分自然醒来，清醒1-2小时，进行一些活动，如祈祷、思考、读书、社交、甚至做家务或访友。
- 之后再进入“第二段睡眠”（second sleep），直到天亮。
- 意义： 艾克奇的研究挑战了现代一段式睡眠是“自然”或“最佳”模式的观念，暗示这更多是工业社会和人工照明的产物。他的工作为理解人类睡眠的演变提供了重要的历史维度。
2. 现代角度：午睡与认知功能
现代关于两段式睡眠的研究，更多是围绕午睡 (napping) 对认知功能、警觉性和情绪的影响。
研究者： 许多睡眠科学家和机构都对午睡进行了研究，例如：
- NASA (美国国家航空航天局)：对宇航员和飞行员的午睡效果进行了大量研究，以优化他们的表现和安全性。
- 大卫·丁格斯 (David Dinges)：宾夕法尼亚大学的睡眠研究员，对睡眠剥夺和午睡对人类表现的影响有深入研究。
- 其他来自各类睡眠实验室的认知神经科学家和心理学家。
主要研究成果：
- 短午睡 (Power Nap, 20-30分钟)： 研究发现，即使是短时间的午睡也能显著提高白天的警觉性、运动技能和反应速度，并减少困倦感，且不易产生睡眠惯性。这对于需要高强度持续注意力的工作（如驾驶、操作机器）特别有益。
- 长午睡 (60-90分钟，包含REM睡眠)： 这种午睡周期包含快速眼动 (REM) 睡眠和慢波睡眠，对记忆巩固、创造性解决问题和新技能学习具有更深层次的益处。缺点是醒来时可能出现短暂的睡眠惯性。
- 恢复性效应： 即使是睡眠不足的情况下，午睡也能部分恢复警觉性和认知表现，但不能完全弥补夜间睡眠不足的长期影响。
- 生理节律匹配： 人类在下午时段生理上有一个自然的警觉性下降期，午睡可以有效地对抗这种下降，使身体的生物钟与一天的活动需求更好地协调。
总结：
一段式睡眠是现代社会的规范，主要受到工作日程和人工照明的影响。而两段式睡眠，特别是包含午睡的形式，在历史上和许多文化中都普遍存在，并且现代研究也证实了其在提高警觉性、改善认知功能和情绪方面的潜在益处。选择哪种睡眠模式，很大程度上取决于个体生活方式、工作要求和个人生理偏好。一些人可能会发现，在日常生活中加入一段有策略的午睡，可以显著改善他们的整体健康和效率。
User
看看历史
Cursor
好的，让我们再次聚焦在睡眠模式的历史演变上。
在人工照明普及和工业革命之前，人类的睡眠模式与我们今天普遍认为的“一段式睡眠”（Monophasic Sleep）有显著不同。历史学研究，特别是罗杰·艾克奇（Roger Ekirch）教授的开创性工作，揭示了两段式睡眠（Biphasic Sleep），或者更具体地说是“分段睡眠”（Segmented Sleep），曾是西方社会（以及许多其他前现代社会）的主流模式。
历史上的“分段睡眠”
- 自然节律： 在没有电灯的时代，人们的生活节奏受太阳的升落影响极大。日落后，夜晚是漫长而黑暗的。
- 两个主要睡眠时段： 人们通常在傍晚早早地上床睡觉，进入**“第一段睡眠”（first sleep）**，持续约3到4小时。
- 清醒间隔： 在午夜时分，他们会自然地醒来，进入一段长达1到2小时的清醒间隔期。在这个时间段里，人们并非失眠或感到不安，而是会进行各种活动：静思、祈祷、阅读（如果点灯允许）、做一些家务、互相交流、甚至探访邻居或进行亲密活动。这段清醒时间被认为是富有创造性和放松的。
- “第二段睡眠”： 之后，他们会再次入睡，进入**“第二段睡眠”（second sleep）**，直到天亮。
现代一段式睡眠的兴起
- 人工照明的普及： 17世纪后期到19世纪，随着煤气灯和后来的电灯的广泛使用，夜晚被“点亮”。人们的活动时间得以延长，深夜的社交、工作和娱乐变得可能。
- 工业革命的影响： 工业革命带来了严格的工厂工作时间表。为了最大化生产力，人们需要遵守固定的、长时间的连续工作，这促使人们将睡眠时间压缩并集中在一个连续的夜晚时段，以便在白天保持清醒和高效。
- 社会规范的形成： 随着时间的推移，这种一段式睡眠模式逐渐成为主流，并被视为“正常”和“健康”的睡眠方式。分段睡眠的记忆逐渐从集体意识中消失，甚至在20世纪，如果有人在半夜醒来，可能会被诊断为失眠。
因此，罗杰·艾克奇的研究挑战了我们对“自然”睡眠模式的认知，指出我们今天普遍采用的一段式睡眠，更多是社会、技术和经济发展的结果，而非人类生物学上唯一的或最自然的睡眠模式。
User
同一个人什么时候需要在两种作息直接切换？如何做到渐进式切换
Cursor
同一个人在不同时期可能需要在一阶段式睡眠和两阶段式睡眠之间切换，这通常取决于其生活方式、工作要求、个人健康状况和偏好。
什么时候需要在两种作息之间切换？
从一段式睡眠切换到两段式睡眠（增加午睡）的场景：
- 生活方式改变：
- 远程工作或灵活工作时间： 拥有更多自主时间，可以安排午休。
- 退休： 时间安排更自由，可以根据身体需要安排午睡。
- 照顾婴儿或轮班工作： 夜间睡眠被打断，需要通过白天小睡来弥补睡眠不足。
- 提升白天表现：
- 下午感到疲惫、注意力不集中： 午睡可以显著提高下午的警觉性、注意力和工作效率。
- 需要记忆巩固或创造力： 特别是涉及REM睡眠的午睡，对学习和解决问题有益。
- 个人偏好或生理需求： 有些人天生就有午后犯困的生理节律，午睡能让他们感觉更好。
- 体验文化习俗： 如搬到地中海或拉丁美洲国家，午休（siesta）是文化常态。
从两段式睡眠切换到一段式睡眠（减少或取消午睡）的场景：
- 工作或学习环境变化：
- 回到办公室工作： 午休时间受限或工作环境不适合午睡。
- 需要长时间连续工作： 两段式睡眠的间隔可能干扰工作流程。
- 睡眠惯性问题： 如果午睡时间过长导致醒来后反而更困倦、迟钝（睡眠惯性），可能需要缩短午睡或取消。
- 夜间睡眠问题： 白天午睡过长或过晚可能会影响夜间入睡或导致夜间睡眠质量下降。
- 个人偏好： 某些人可能觉得一段式睡眠更适合自己的身体节奏，能够获得更连续的深度睡眠。
如何做到渐进式切换？
无论向哪个方向切换，关键都是渐进性、一致性和倾听身体的信号。
1. 从一段式睡眠到两段式睡眠（添加午睡）：
- 确定理想午睡时间：
- 观察你通常在下午什么时候会感到最困倦或精力下降（通常是早上醒来后的7-9小时）。
- 最佳午睡时机通常是下午1点到3点之间。
- 从短午睡开始：
- 最初只小睡 10-20分钟 (又称“能量小睡”/Power Nap)。这足以提升警觉性，同时避免进入深度睡眠，从而减少醒来后的睡眠惯性。
- 设定闹钟，确保不会睡过头。
- 创造午睡环境：
- 选择一个黑暗、安静、凉爽的地方。
- 如果无法完全黑暗，可以使用眼罩；如果噪音干扰，可以使用耳塞。
- 调整夜间睡眠：
- 刚开始添加午睡时，你的夜间睡眠需求可能会略微减少。
- 如果发现夜间入睡困难或醒来过早，可以尝试将夜间睡眠时间缩短 15-30分钟，但不要大幅度削减，因为午睡不能完全替代夜间的主睡眠。
- 保持一致性： 尽量每天在同一时间小睡，即使是周末，以帮助身体建立新的节奏。
- 耐心： 身体需要时间来适应新的睡眠模式，可能需要几周才能完全适应。
2. 从两段式睡眠到一段式睡眠（减少或取消午睡）：
- 逐步缩短午睡时间：
- 不要一下子完全取消午睡。每天或每隔几天将午睡时间缩短 10-15分钟。
- 例如，如果你午睡90分钟，可以先减到75分钟，几天后再减到60分钟，以此类推，直到减到10-20分钟的能量小睡，最终彻底取消。
- 调整午睡时间：
- 如果难以取消午睡，尝试将午睡时间提前。例如，从下午2点移到中午1点，甚至早上。
- 尽量避免在下午3点或更晚的时间午睡，以免影响夜间入睡。
- 增加夜间睡眠时间：
- 随着午睡时间的减少，将这部分时间补偿到夜间睡眠中。
- 逐渐将夜间入睡时间提前或推迟醒来时间，以确保获得足够的总睡眠量。
- 提升白天能量：
- 在午后感到困倦时，尝试进行一些轻度活动，如散步、伸展、听音乐或与人交谈。
- 暴露在明亮的光线下（尤其是自然光）有助于抑制褪黑素，保持清醒。
- 保持水分充足，避免高糖或高脂食物，它们可能导致午后血糖波动和能量下降。
- 建立规律的夜间作息： 坚持固定的睡前习惯和入睡时间，即使在周末也要尽量保持一致，帮助身体巩固一段式睡眠。
- 注意睡眠卫生： 无论哪种模式，保持良好的睡眠卫生（卧室黑暗、安静、凉爽；睡前避免咖啡因、酒精和电子屏幕）都至关重要。
重要提示：
- 倾听你的身体： 每个人对睡眠的需求和反应都是独特的。如果在切换过程中感到持续的疲劳、烦躁或认知功能下降，这可能是当前的模式不适合你，或者你需要更长的适应期。
- 咨询专业人士： 如果你长期遭受睡眠问题或对如何调整睡眠模式感到困惑，最好咨询医生或专业的睡眠专家。他们可以提供个性化的建议和指导。
User
当前大部分工作环境都设有午休，这不就是在支持两段式睡眠么？
Cursor
你提出了一个非常好的观察点！从某种程度上来说，是的，现代工作环境中的午休确实为两段式睡眠（特别是白天的午睡部分）提供了可能性和一定程度的支持。
然而，我们还需要区分“提供可能性”和“积极支持并融入文化”这两种层面。
午休如何“支持”两段式睡眠：
- 提供了时间窗口： 午休通常是工作日中唯一一个可以相对自由支配的较长时间段（例如30分钟到1小时），这为员工进行短暂的午睡创造了条件。
- 缓解疲劳： 无论员工是否真正入睡，午休都能让大脑和身体得到休息，对抗午后自然出现的生理性疲劳，这与两段式睡眠中午睡的目的相符。
- 认知提升： 即使是短暂的闭目养神或小憩，也能帮助恢复警觉性、提高注意力和改善情绪，从而提升下午的工作效率。
为什么说它不是“完全”支持或“设计”为两段式睡眠：
尽管提供了时间，但现代工作环境的午休与传统的、文化上根深蒂固的两段式睡眠（如地中海地区的 Siesta）仍有几个关键区别：
- 主要目的不同：
- 午休（Lunch Break）： 其主要目的是让员工用餐、离开工位进行身体和精神的放松、处理私人事务，而不是专门用于睡眠。
- 传统两段式睡眠的午睡： 在传统文化中，Siesta 等午后休息时间通常更长，其核心目的就包含着一段有意识的睡眠，它被视为一天中不可或缺的休息部分。
- 时间长度限制：
- 许多午休时间较短（如30分钟），这可能不足以让大部分人进入有效的午睡状态并醒来时感觉良好。如果想获得深度睡眠的恢复效果（例如60-90分钟），则时间远远不够。
- 传统的 Siesta 通常持续1-3小时，提供了充足的睡眠和休息时间。
- 环境条件：
- 大部分办公室环境并非为睡眠而设计：光线充足、噪音干扰、缺乏私密空间、通常只有办公椅而非床铺。这使得高质量的午睡难以实现。
- 相比之下，传统 Siesta 文化中，人们通常会回到家中或有专门的休息场所进行午睡。
- 文化认知与接受度：
- 虽然午睡越来越被接受，但在许多现代职场中，午睡可能仍然被视为“偷懒”或不专业的行为，尽管这种观念正在改变。
- 在支持两段式睡眠的文化中，午睡是根深蒂固的社会习惯，受到普遍的认可和鼓励。
结论：
所以，可以说现代工作环境中的午休为员工提供了进行午睡的“窗口”，从而间接支持了部分员工采用两段式睡眠模式。但是，这与将两段式睡眠作为工作日结构核心的文化相比，仍有显著差异。它更多是一种灵活性和对员工休息的最低限度保障，而不是对两段式睡眠模式的明确设计和全面推广。许多员工可能利用这段时间用餐、处理杂事、社交，而非单纯睡觉。
User
在支持两段式睡眠的文化中，午睡是根深蒂固的社会习惯，受到普遍的认可和鼓励。
Cursor
是的，你完全抓住了核心点！在那些文化中，午睡（特别是 Siesta）不仅仅是个人选择，而是一个深入社会骨髓的习惯，受到广泛的认可和积极的鼓励。
这意味着：
日常生活的节奏围绕它构建：
- 在西班牙、意大利、希腊等许多地中海国家，以及拉丁美洲的一些地区，你会发现许多商店、银行和政府机构在午餐时间（通常是下午1点到4点或5点）会关门歇业。
- 人们会回家与家人共进午餐，然后进行一段较长时间的休息，这通常包含午睡。
- 工作和学习日被明确地分成两个部分：上午和下午（或傍晚），午休是中间的一个长间隔。
没有负面污名，反而是健康的体现：
- 午睡不被视为懒惰或不专业的行为。相反，它被看作是保持健康、提高工作效率和生活质量的重要组成部分。
- 人们普遍认为，午睡能让人在下午保持更好的精神状态和注意力，减少错误，提升心情。
社会基础设施适应这种习惯：
- 交通系统可能会在午休时段放缓。
- 学校和工作场所通常会提供足够的休息时间，有时甚至有专门的休息区域（尽管这在现代可能更简化）。
- 整个社会的预期就是：午后是休息和充电的时间。
举例来说：
- 西班牙的
Siesta： 这是最著名的例子。虽然在现代大城市中，为了与国际接轨和提高效率，Siesta的传统有所弱化，但在许多小城镇和乡村地区，它仍然是日常生活的重要部分。人们会在午后回家享受一顿丰盛的午餐，然后小睡片刻。 - 拉丁美洲部分地区： 受西班牙影响，许多拉丁美洲国家也有类似的午休习惯。
- 亚洲部分地区（但形式可能不同）： 比如在中国，许多公司和学校也有午休时间，员工和学生会趴在桌子上小憩，但这通常是较短的“能量小睡”，而非长时间的“两段式睡眠”间隔。然而，这种普遍的接受度同样体现了对午后休息的认可。
这种文化习惯的形成，与这些地区的气候（炎热的午后不适合户外活动）、历史农业生活方式以及对家庭生活的重视等因素都有关系。它们共同塑造了一个将午后休息视为天经地义的社会。
User
亚洲部分地区（但形式可能不同）： 比如在中国，许多公司和学校也有午休时间，员工和学生会趴在桌子上小憩，但这通常是较短的“能量小睡”，而非长时间的“两段式睡眠”间隔。然而，这种普遍的接受度同样体现了对午后休息的认可。
Cursor
是的，你对中国午休的观察非常准确！
在中国以及一些其他东亚国家，午休（通常称为“午觉”或“午休”）确实是一个根深蒂固的社会习惯，得到普遍认可和支持，这和地中海地区的 Siesta 有异曲同工之妙，但也存在形式上的差异。
中国午休的特点：
- 普遍性： 从小学到大学，从政府机关到企业公司，午休时间几乎是标配。学校有固定的午休时段，学生们会在教室里趴在课桌上小憩。公司也常设午休时间（例如12:00或12:30到13:00或13:30），鼓励员工休息。
- 目的： 主要目的是为了恢复上午的精力消耗，缓解疲劳，提高下午的工作或学习效率。这被视为一种提升生产力的实用措施。
- 形式：
- 时间较短： 通常在30分钟到1小时之间，很少有像欧洲 Siesta 那样长达数小时的午休。
- “原地小憩”： 很多人会直接在办公桌或教室课桌上趴着睡，或者在办公室沙发、休息室的简易床位上休息。极少有人会回家午睡。
- 文化接受度： 午睡被视为一种积极的、有益健康的习惯。如果一个人不午睡，反而可能被认为精力旺盛或有些“特别”，但午睡本身绝不会被视为懒惰。社会氛围是鼓励和支持午睡的。
与传统两段式睡眠的区别和联系：
- 区别： 传统的两段式睡眠（如欧洲 Siesta）会将一天的工作生活明显地分成两个半天，中间有较长的午休，人们可能会回家用餐和长时间休息。而中国的午休，更像是在一个较长、相对连续的工作日中，嵌入一个强制性的、高效率的能量补充环节。虽然提供了休息，但整个社会结构依然是偏向于连续的白天工作模式。
- 联系： 尽管形式不同，但其核心精神是相似的——认可并尊重人体在午后的生理性疲惫，提供一个正式的休息时段来应对这种疲惫，以期提高整体效率和福祉。 从这个意义上说，它确实体现了对白日分段休息的文化支持。
所以，你的观察非常准确。中国式的午休是两段式睡眠理念在现代工作环境中的一种适应性体现，它在保证了工作连续性的同时，也为员工提供了重要的休息和充电时间。
User
deepfake 人声生成的开源项目有哪些？
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生成 Deepfake 人声（即高度逼真、可用于语音克隆或合成特定人物声音的语音）的开源项目近年来发展迅速。这些项目通常基于先进的文本到语音（Text-to-Speech, TTS）和语音克隆（Voice Cloning）技术。
以下是一些当前较为知名且活跃的开源项目：
Coqui TTS
- 描述： Coqui TTS 是一个非常活跃且功能强大的 TTS 开源库，由前 Mozilla TTS 团队成员开发。它提供了多种预训练模型、各种声码器（Vocoder）集成，并支持高质量的语音克隆。你可以用它来训练自己的 TTS 模型，也可以利用其语音克隆功能，只需少量目标人物的音频样本，即可生成其声音的语音。
- 特点： 支持多说话人TTS、语音克隆、多语言、多种声码器（如GANs系列、WaveRNN等）。
- 链接：
https://github.com/coqui-ai/TTS
VITS (Conditional Variational Autoencoder with Adversarial Learning for End-to-End Text-to-Speech)
- 描述： VITS 是一个端到端（End-to-End）的 TTS 模型，以其高质量、高效率和稳定性而闻名。它结合了变分自编码器（VAE）和对抗性学习（GAN），能够生成非常自然的语音。虽然其核心是TTS，但其变体（如 YourTTS）也支持Few-shot语音克隆。
- 特点： 生成速度快、音质高、端到端训练。社区有许多基于VITS的语音克隆实现。
- 链接：
https://github.com/jaywalnut310/vits(原论文实现，有许多fork和改进)
Tortoise TTS
- 描述： Tortoise TTS 是由
arxzz开发的一个令人印象深刻的 TTS 模型，特别擅长于高质量、富有表现力且极其自然的语音生成和克隆，即使仅提供少量音频样本。它能捕捉到语调、情感和说话风格的细微差别，甚至能生成非语音内容（如笑声、叹息）。 - 特点： 超强的语音克隆能力（Few-shot learning）、生成语音的自然度和表现力极高、支持多种情感和语调。
- 链接：
https://github.com/neonbjb/tortoise-tts
- 描述： Tortoise TTS 是由
Bark
- 描述： Bark 是由 Suno AI 开源的下一代文本到音频生成模型。它不仅仅生成语音，还能生成音乐、背景音、以及各种非语言的沟通元素（如笑声、叹息、哭泣等）。它的语音克隆能力也十分强大，能够以目标声音生成非常逼真的语音，包括其情绪和语调。
- 特点： 文本到音频（不仅仅是语音）、超自然人声（含非语言声音）、多语言、多说话人、语音克隆。
- 链接：
https://github.com/suno-ai/bark
核心技术概述：
这些项目的“Deepfake”能力通常建立在以下几种核心技术之上：
- 文本到语音 (Text-to-Speech, TTS)： 将文本转换为语音。
- 声学模型 (Acoustic Model)： 将文本的语言特征映射到声学特征（如梅尔频谱）。常见的模型有 Tacotron、Transformer TTS 等。
- 声码器 (Vocoder)： 将声学特征转换回可听的波形。常见的有 WaveNet、WaveGlow、HiFi-GAN、VocGAN 等，它们在生成质量和速度上各有优势。
- 语音克隆 (Voice Cloning)：
- Few-shot Learning/Meta-learning： 允许模型仅通过少量目标语音样本（甚至只有几秒钟）就能学习其音色和语调，然后用这种声音合成任意文本。
- 说话人嵌入 (Speaker Embeddings)： 从目标语音中提取代表其独特音色的向量，并将其作为输入传递给TTS模型。
伦理考量：
需要强调的是，尽管这些技术令人印象深刻，但它们也带来了重大的伦理问题，例如误导性信息、欺诈和虚假内容。在使用这些技术时，务必遵守法律法规和道德规范。
User
from bark import SAMPLE_RATE, generate_audio, preload_models from scipy.io.wavfile import write as write_wav from IPython.display import Audio
download and load all models
preload_models()
generate audio from text
text_prompt = "”" Hello, my name is Suno. And, uh — and I like pizza. [laughs] But I also have other interests such as playing tic tac toe. """ audio_array = generate_audio(text_prompt)
save audio to disk
write_wav(“bark_generation.wav”, SAMPLE_RATE, audio_array)
play text in notebook
Audio(audio_array, rate=SAMPLE_RATE)
用uv来安装依赖
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好的，如果你想使用 uv 来安装这段 Python 代码所需的依赖，主要需要安装 bark 和 scipy。uv 是一个非常快速的 Python 包安装器和解析器。
1. 安装 uv (如果尚未安装)
首先，你需要确保你的系统上安装了 uv。你可以使用 pip 或 curl 来安装它：
使用 pip 安装 (推荐):
pip install uv
使用 curl 安装 (如果 pip 安装遇到问题或希望独立安装):
curl -LsSf https://astral.sh/uv/install.sh | sh
请注意，curl 安装方式会将 uv 安装到用户的本地 bin 目录 (例如 ~/.cargo/bin 或 ~/.uv/bin，具体取决于系统和配置)，你需要确保该目录在你的 PATH 环境变量中。
2. 使用 uv 安装依赖
一旦 uv 安装成功，你就可以使用 uv pip install 来安装 bark 和 scipy。
推荐在虚拟环境中安装： 创建一个新的虚拟环境是一个好的实践，可以避免不同项目之间的依赖冲突。
# 1. 创建一个新的虚拟环境 (例如名为 'bark-env')
uv venv bark-env
# 2. 激活虚拟环境
# 在 Windows Powershell:
# .\bark-env\Scripts\Activate.ps1
#
# 在 Windows Command Prompt:
# .\bark-env\Scripts\activate.bat
#
# 在 macOS/Linux Bash/Zsh:
# source bark-env/bin/activate
# 3. 安装依赖到当前激活的虚拟环境
uv pip install bark scipy
如果你不打算使用虚拟环境 (不推荐，但可行)：
uv pip install bark scipy
关于 IPython:
代码中还使用了 IPython.display.Audio。如果你计划在 Jupyter Notebook 或 IPython 环境中运行这段代码，那么 IPython 通常已经是安装的。如果不是，或者你需要在脚本中也使用 Audio 功能 (虽然 write_wav 已经保存了文件)，你可以单独安装它：
uv pip install ipython
但对于大多数使用场景，bark 和 scipy 应该足够让代码的核心部分运行。
安装完成后，你就可以运行你提供的 Python 代码了。
pip install uv
curl -LsSf https://astral.sh/uv/install.sh | sh
# 1. 创建一个新的虚拟环境 (例如名为 'bark-env')
uv venv bark-env
# 2. 激活虚拟环境
# 在 Windows Powershell:
# .\bark-env\Scripts\Activate.ps1
#
# 在 Windows Command Prompt:
# .\bark-env\Scripts\activate.bat
#
# 在 macOS/Linux Bash/Zsh:
# source bark-env/bin/activate
# 3. 安装依赖到当前激活的虚拟环境
uv pip install bark scipy
uv pip install bark scipy
uv pip install ipython
User
uv怎么激活当前环境
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uv 本身不直接“激活”环境，它创建的虚拟环境使用的是标准的 Python 虚拟环境机制。因此，激活 uv 创建的虚拟环境的方法与激活 venv 或 virtualenv 创建的环境完全相同。
激活命令取决于你使用的操作系统和 shell。
假设你已经使用 uv venv my-env 创建了一个名为 my-env 的虚拟环境：
1. 在 Windows 上激活虚拟环境
a. 使用 PowerShell:
.\my-env\Scripts\Activate.ps1
b. 使用 Command Prompt (CMD):
.\my-env\Scripts\activate.bat
2. 在 macOS 和 Linux 上激活虚拟环境
使用 Bash 或 Zsh:
source my-env/bin/activate
激活后，你会看到什么？
激活成功后，你的终端提示符（Prompt）通常会发生变化，在当前路径前面显示虚拟环境的名称，例如：
(my-env) PS C:\Users\YourUser\YourProject>
或者
(my-env) youruser@yourmachine:~/yourproject$
这表示你现在正处于这个虚拟环境中。此时，你运行的任何 python、pip、uv pip 命令都将作用于这个虚拟环境中的 Python 解释器和包，而不会影响系统全局的 Python 安装。
如何退出虚拟环境？
无论在哪个操作系统或 shell 中，要退出当前激活的虚拟环境，只需运行：
deactivate
你的终端提示符会恢复到激活之前的状态。
.\my-env\Scripts\Activate.ps1
.\my-env\Scripts\activate.bat
source my-env/bin/activate
(my-env) PS C:\Users\YourUser\YourProject>
(my-env) youruser@yourmachine:~/yourproject$
deactivate
User
(barktest) a17@17:/tannalwork/projects/barktest$ python test.py
Traceback (most recent call last):
File “/home/a17/tannalwork/projects/barktest/test.py”, line 3, in /tannalwork/projects/barktest$
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好的，这个错误 ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'IPython' 表明你的虚拟环境 (barktest) 中缺少 IPython 模块。
虽然 bark 和 scipy 都安装了，但你代码中的这一行：
from IPython.display import Audio
需要 IPython 库才能工作。Audio 模块通常用于在 Jupyter Notebook 或 IPython 交互式环境中直接播放音频，而不是在标准 Python 脚本中。
解决方案：
你需要在当前激活的 barktest 虚拟环境中安装 IPython。
请运行以下命令：
uv pip install ipython
安装完成后，你再运行 python test.py 应该就不会遇到 ModuleNotFoundError 了。
P.S. 如果你只是想把音频保存到文件而不需要在终端环境（非Jupyter Notebook）中直接播放，你可以注释掉 Audio 相关的两行代码：
from bark import SAMPLE_RATE, generate_audio, preload_models
from scipy.io.wavfile import write as write_wav
# from IPython.display import Audio # 这一行可以注释掉，如果你不在Jupyter环境
# download and load all models
preload_models()
# generate audio from text
text_prompt = """
Hello, my name is Suno. And, uh — and I like pizza. [laughs]
But I also have other interests such as playing tic tac toe.
"""
audio_array = generate_audio(text_prompt)
# save audio to disk
write_wav("bark_generation.wav", SAMPLE_RATE, audio_array)
# play text in notebook
# Audio(audio_array, rate=SAMPLE_RATE) # 这一行也可以注释掉
这样即使不安装 IPython 也能正常保存 bark_generation.wav 文件。
from IPython.display import Audio
uv pip install ipython
from bark import SAMPLE_RATE, generate_audio, preload_models
from scipy.io.wavfile import write as write_wav
# from IPython.display import Audio # 这一行可以注释掉，如果你不在Jupyter环境
# download and load all models
preload_models()
# generate audio from text
text_prompt = """
Hello, my name is Suno. And, uh — and I like pizza. [laughs]
But I also have other interests such as playing tic tac toe.
"""
audio_array = generate_audio(text_prompt)
# save audio to disk
write_wav("bark_generation.wav", SAMPLE_RATE, audio_array)
# play text in notebook
# Audio(audio_array, rate=SAMPLE_RATE) # 这一行也可以注释掉
User
这两个图式什么？
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你提供的图片是雷达图（Radar Chart），也常被称为蜘蛛图（Spider Chart）或星形图（Star Chart）。
这个雷达图用于比较不同大型语言模型（Large Language Models）在多个基准测试（benchmarks）上的性能表现。
具体来说：
- 图表的类型： 雷达图，它将多变量数据绘制在二维图表上，每个变量都有一个独立的轴，这些轴从中心点向外辐射。
- 比较的对象：
- LLaDA 8B Base (红色线条和区域)
- LLaMA 3 8B Base (紫色线条和区域)
- LLaMA 2 7B Base (蓝色线条和区域)
- 这些都是不同规模和版本的语言模型。
- 比较的维度（基准测试/任务）：
- GSM8K (Mathematics)
- Math (Mathematics)
- HumanEval (Code)
- MBPP (Code)
- CMMU (Chinese)
- C-Eval (Chinese)
- MMLU (General Tasks)
- TruthfulQA (General Tasks)
- ARC-C (General Tasks)
- 这些是衡量语言模型在数学推理、代码生成、中文理解、通用知识和推理等不同能力上的标准测试集。
- 数值含义： 沿着每个轴的数值（例如19、23、27、33等），代表模型在该特定基准测试上的得分或准确率。离中心点越远（数值越大），表示模型在该项测试上表现越好。
- 外部弧形箭头： 将不同的基准测试归类，例如 “Mathematics”（数学）、“Code”（代码）、“Chinese”（中文）和 “General Tasks”（通用任务）。
总结： 这张雷达图清晰地展示了 LLaDA 8B Base 模型在大部分所示基准测试上，相对于 LLaMA 3 8B Base 和 LLaMA 2 7B Base 模型，表现更为出色，其覆盖的红色区域面积最大，意味着综合性能最优。
User
rk/projects/barktest$ python test.py
text_2.pt: 1%|▎ | 62.9M/5.35G [00:text_2.pt: 1%|▍ | 73.4M/5.35G [00:text_2.pt: 2%|▍ | 83.9M/5.35G [00:text_2.pt: 2%|▌ | 94.4M/5.35G [00:text_2.pt: 100%|█████████████████████████████| 5.35G/5.35G [08:35<00:00, 10.4MB/s]
Traceback (most recent call last):
File “/home/a17/tannalwork/projects/barktest/test.py”, line 6, in weights_only argument in torch.load from False to True. Re-running torch.load with weights_only set to False will likely succeed, but it can result in arbitrary code execution. Do it only if you got the file from a trusted source.
(2) Alternatively, to load with weights_only=True please check the recommended steps in the following error message.
WeightsUnpickler error: Unsupported global: GLOBAL numpy.core.multiarray.scalar was not an allowed global by default. Please use torch.serialization.add_safe_globals([numpy.core.multiarray.scalar]) or the torch.serialization.safe_globals([numpy.core.multiarray.scalar]) context manager to allowlist this global if you trust this class/function.
Check the documentation of torch.load to learn more about types accepted by default with weights_only https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/generated/torch.load.html. (barktest) a17@17:~/tannalwork/projects/barktest$
这是什么意思？
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这个错误是关于 PyTorch 模型加载失败的问题，具体是 _pickle.UnpicklingError。
核心意思：
你的 bark 模型在尝试加载预训练权重时，遇到了一个安全相关的兼容性问题。
PyTorch 在其 2.6 版本中，修改了 torch.load 函数的默认行为：
- 旧版本 (
< 2.6)：weights_only参数默认为False。这意味着torch.load会加载模型文件中的所有数据，包括潜在的 Python 对象（通过pickle模块）。 - 新版本 (
>= 2.6)：weights_only参数默认为True。这意味着torch.load默认只会加载模型的权重，而会更严格地限制其他 Python 对象的加载，以防止恶意代码执行（“任意代码执行”）。
你遇到的具体错误是 WeightsUnpickler error: Unsupported global: GLOBAL numpy.core.multiarray.scalar was not an allowed global by default.。这意味着 bark 模型文件在保存时使用了 numpy.core.multiarray.scalar 这个 Python 对象，而当前 PyTorch 的 weights_only=True 模式默认不允许加载它，除非你明确告诉 PyTorch 它是安全的。
解决方案：
错误信息提供了两种解决方案，但对于你的情况（因为 bark 库内部调用了 torch.load，你无法直接修改 bark 的代码），第二种方案更适合你：
在调用 preload_models() 之前，告诉 PyTorch 允许加载 numpy.core.multiarray.scalar。
你需要在你的 test.py 脚本中，在导入 bark 模块之后、调用 preload_models() 之前，添加一行代码。
import torch # 新增：导入 torch 库
import numpy # 新增：导入 numpy 库，因为错误信息指明了 numpy 相关的全局对象
from bark import SAMPLE_RATE, generate_audio, preload_models
from scipy.io.wavfile import write as write_wav
from IPython.display import Audio
# --- 新增的代码行 ---
# 允许 PyTorch 在加载模型时使用 numpy.core.multiarray.scalar
torch.serialization.add_safe_globals([numpy.core.multiarray.scalar])
# --- 结束新增的代码行 ---
# download and load all models
preload_models()
# generate audio from text
text_prompt = """
Hello, my name is Suno. And, uh — and I like pizza. [laughs]
But I also have other interests such as playing tic tac toe.
"""
audio_array = generate_audio(text_prompt)
# save audio to disk
write_wav("bark_generation.wav", SAMPLE_RATE, audio_array)
# play text in notebook
Audio(audio_array, rate=SAMPLE_RATE)
操作步骤：
- 编辑
test.py文件。 - 在文件的顶部（在
from bark import ...之前或之后，但在preload_models()之前），添加以下两行：import torch import numpy - 在
preload_models()调用之前，添加：torch.serialization.add_safe_globals([numpy.core.multiarray.scalar]) - 保存文件。
- 再次运行
python test.py。
这应该能解决 _pickle.UnpicklingError 问题，让 bark 成功加载模型权重。
import torch # 新增：导入 torch 库
import numpy # 新增：导入 numpy 库，因为错误信息指明了 numpy 相关的全局对象
from bark import SAMPLE_RATE, generate_audio, preload_models
from scipy.io.wavfile import write as write_wav
from IPython.display import Audio
# --- 新增的代码行 ---
# 允许 PyTorch 在加载模型时使用 numpy.core.multiarray.scalar
torch.serialization.add_safe_globals([numpy.core.multiarray.scalar])
# --- 结束新增的代码行 ---
# download and load all models
preload_models()
# generate audio from text
text_prompt = """
Hello, my name is Suno. And, uh — and I like pizza. [laughs]
But I also have other interests such as playing tic tac toe.
"""
audio_array = generate_audio(text_prompt)
# save audio to disk
write_wav("bark_generation.wav", SAMPLE_RATE, audio_array)
# play text in notebook
Audio(audio_array, rate=SAMPLE_RATE)
import torch
import numpy
torch.serialization.add_safe_globals([numpy.core.multiarray.scalar])
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The impact of AI on the technical interview process (coderev.app) 53 points by CharlieDigital 4 months ago | hide | past | favorite | 59 comments
throwup238 4 months ago | next [–]
The system design ones were somehow even more outrageous given that system design is often the deciding factor between a mid/senior level and a staff/principal level engineer. Yet watching the IGotAnOffer video series successively reveals just how formulaic and predictable the response and banter is designed to be. Oh my god, yes. Every architectural interview I’ve had in the last five years has been a rehashing of the same concepts, pulled straight out of Designing Data Intensive Applications. Anyone who has read that book once or twice can easily pass. Half the interviewers even use the Twitter example presented in the book, with a few arbitrary extra requirements tacked on.
superfrank 4 months ago | parent | next [–]
I think the root of the problem is actually an org design problem. Big companies want consistency in their process and their hires. There’s a lot of benefits if you can create a Google type hiring pipeline you’re just constantly interviewing candidates and you worry about where they go once they’ve passed the interview, like:
Since all candidates at the same level are passing essentially the same interview you can move people from team to team easier. You reduce the risk of a team with lower standards causing you problems when their engineers are moved to other places in the company. You know that most of your hires have a certain consistency in their skills. This makes things like reorgs a lot easier.
Your recruiters and hiring managers save time because in most cases they don’t need to meet to set up unique hiring pipelines per team. You just have one big hiring pipeline and teams with open spots only step in at the last minute.
You reduce the risk of being sued for bias or discrimination. If interviewers are just pulling from a bank of questions that are somewhat equal it’s hard for a candidate to make a case that they were singled out and given a tougher question because of their identity.
The problem with that is that consistency breeds predictability. The only way to get a big pool of interview questions that are about the same difficulty is by repeating the same patterns between questions. Once candidates know those patterns, candidates can just focus their studying on that and the interview just boils down to pattern matching.
harimau777 4 months ago | parent | prev | next [–]
I think it would help if companies approached system design interviews less as an opportunity for the candidate to show off all of the fancy performance optimizations they know and more as an opportunity to demonstrate that they can actually design and lead implementation of a system. That is to say, real world system design is more about understanding that most systems don’t need most of the stuff in Designing Data Intensive Applications and avoiding premature optimization.
CharlieDigital 4 months ago | parent | prev | next [–]
There’s very little room for deviation as well because it is so formulaic. Present a novel and interesting system? It may not be realistically solvable in a 30-60 minute session to a satisfying degree because the candidate doesn’t have familiarity. From the candidate side, you can take a risk and make it more interesting by presenting more novel solutions, but the interviewer might be looking for very specific response patterns; “signaling” of a sort. So both sides just stick to a narrow range of scenarios and responses.
Once you’ve done one or two, it’s hard to see how you couldn’t do every other one after it.
tthhrrooww_away 4 months ago | parent | prev | next [–]
To be fair, DDIA is a pretty deep book, so if you read it, took something out of it, and read it the second time (!), you probably deserve an offer.
satvikpendem 4 months ago | parent | prev | next [–]
pulled straight out of Designing Data Intensive Applications I mean, because it works. Why would you create a novel system just for the sake of it?
Swizec 4 months ago | prev | next [–]
reveals just how formulaic and predictable the response and banter is designed to be Accurate. Interviews have to be formulaic and predictable. That’s how you combat bias in the system.
Kahneman’s book on Noise (in decision making) has a whole chapter on interviews. With careful design to avoid bias you can get to about 75% accuracy measured as correlation between Yeses and Job Performance. Without having repeatable interviews judged against a pre-defined metric, your signal becomes meaningless. You’re basically flipping a coin so why even bother.
Or worse, you get people passing interviews because they went to the same school as the interviewer or whatever. In that case your un-designed un-formulaic interviews become literally worse than random.
typs 4 months ago | parent | next [–]
Yeah, I think interviews are to get some signal of competence and ability to prepare / offer some filtering ability even if they’re a bit arbitrary or banal.
madeofpalk 4 months ago | prev | next [–]
Even before AI tools, anyone can write code. It’s not impressive, and as an interviewer you’re not going to gain deep insights on whether they’re a developer you want to work with by watching then squirm with some boring leetcode exercise. We’ve landed on a hybrid approach of reviewing a small homework exercise they were sent prior in an interview and find it a lot more useful to ask them to explain their approach and use it as a jumping off point for other questions. When’s the right and wrong place to use arr.reduce()? Why did they need event.preventDefault() in that form submit handler?
Nothing’s perfect, but I do think asking people to explain their code to be much more resilliant to those who treat coding as a rote exercise, or just blindly ChatGPT-ed their way through.
galkk 4 months ago | parent | next [–]
Even before AI tools, anyone can write code. If only that was true. As an interviewer, I had quite a few instances when candidates couldn’t write any code (especially during initial screening). And sometimes you wonder how did they get to the onsite.
I have a lot of things to say about modern leetcode style interviews, but there clearly must be some place in the process, where candidate is actually writing some code in front of an interviewer.
xp84 4 months ago | parent | prev | next [–]
anyone can write code I used to give the most boring, not-leetcode question, about how to lay out a minesweeper board of arbitrary size with an arbitrary number of mines (not any gameplay code, purely the initialization of the layout), and at least 95% of the candidates utterly tanked the interview. Most people apparently can’t code their way out of a paper bag.
In that way, I’m happy about ai - because it is better at everything than 90% of the candidates for junior roles (and given it’s so fast it can still probably beat even better developers through application of brute force).
But of course I have no clue how we will ever get another generation of “seniors” when we are freezing out all the poor new grads, since we don’t need them in their current state and no companies want to be the suckers to spend their time investing in them to mold them into seniors.
floren 4 months ago | parent | prev | next [–]
We’ve landed on a hybrid approach of reviewing a small homework exercise they were sent prior in an interview and find it a lot more useful to ask them to explain their approach and use it as a jumping off point for other questions. When’s the right and wrong place to use arr.reduce()? Why did they need event.preventDefault() in that form submit handler? I applied this approach recently and it was… depressingly useful. Sent out 3 short tasks which should take an experienced programmer less than 30 minutes to solve in total: one “find, fix, and explain the problem in this code” and two “write the ~50 LOC to implement these exact specifications”. These went out only to those whose resumes looked like a potential fit.
Something like half of the responses we got back didn’t even compile/run. Mostly due to hallucinated library functions.
One candidate had decent responses, so we went on to the full interview, asking (as you mentioned) if he could explain his approach. He was having some trouble so I just asked him to explain how a sync.WaitGroup (which he’d used in his code) actually functions, and we got treated to an intensely painful few minutes as he desperately tried to spin some BS about how important concurrency is, and how Go’s so powerful at concurrency, etc etc etc. but nothing about what a WaitGroup actually does.
I don’t really know how to solve this shit going forward.
satvikpendem 4 months ago | root | parent | next [–]
Just need to keep interviewing more people. Ironically, AI might make (competent) devs more valuable, not less, as lots of them will simply be filtered out because they use AI as a crutch, thus the overall pool of software engineers decreases (and supply is constantly increasing). It’s akin to the COBOL situation at banks, they don’t have enough competent COBOL devs (as new devs don’t learn the language and older ones die off) so they need to pay out the ass to get them to work on their systems.
mhast 4 months ago | root | parent | next [–]
This is s side comment, but banks don’t actually pay out the ass to get people to work on COBOL. That’s a myth. They actually just pay people (sometimes programmers, sometimes not) to learn COBOL. (And pay them fairly unconpetetive salaries, because COBOL is not really all that useful.) They do pay a lot of money to the people who program COBOL and maintain their archaic IBM mainframes. But that’s mostly because it’s basically a giant proprietary stack (hardware-OS-softare).
satvikpendem 4 months ago | root | parent | next [–]
They do pay a lot of money to the people who program COBOL and maintain their archaic IBM mainframes. But that’s mostly because it’s basically a giant proprietary stack (hardware-OS-softare). I meant more so this.
CharlieDigital 4 months ago | root | parent | prev | next [–]
I actually think you’ve found the answer on how to move forward: > He was having some trouble so I just asked him to explain how a sync.WaitGroup If understanding of concurrency is a key selection criteria, introduce some obviously broken code in a code review and see if they can find it and explain why it’s broken.
floren 4 months ago | root | parent | next [–]
The reason I asked him to explain sync.WaitGroup was because we were trying to discuss the homework problem which was intended to demonstrate knowledge of concurrency. “His” code used WaitGroup correctly throughout! But he wasn’t able to explain how the code worked… like at all… so after 5 minutes of getting nowhere I tried to narrow down the problem space a bit and asked about WaitGroup specifically.
CharlieDigital 4 months ago | root | parent | next [–]
When I interview for C# candidates, I have a series of questions that I like to ask 1) what are Func<T> and Action<T> 2) write a function that takes a Func<T> or an Action<T> (any function; can be trivial), 3) write a function that returns one of Func<T> or Action<T>.
The reason is that over various interviews, I’ve noticed that candidates that can answer and write the code are going to be able to read, understand, and write the level/type of code that I expect.
I bring this up because I think when teams use projects for assessments, there are clearly certain things that you look for or you would see and be able to tell that this candidate knows what they are doing.
Rather than doing all the extra work, to me it seems like you can short circuit that process by just directly focusing on the 4-5 things that – if you saw them while reviewing the code – would tick the right boxes. My point here isn’t necessarily WaitGroup, but that maybe there are some topics that the process could be reduced down to that would yield the same learnings.
klipklop 4 months ago | root | parent | prev | next [–]
It looks like you are doing a pretty good job of filtering with this approach.
floren 4 months ago | root | parent | next [–]
Yeah, I’d say it’s working, but if I can use an analogy: it’s always taken some care and inspection to pick out the un-bruised apples, but now half of the bin is also made up of pretty damn convincing plastic replica apples too, and even though I’m getting good at spotting the plastic ones it’s an annoying additional hurdle to the task.
drummojg 4 months ago | prev | next [–]
I helped interview a guy recently who was (a) ESL, and (b) Typing in our questions and reading the answers at a breakneck pace to the point where it was almost pathological; we could not get a word in. In unspoken horror and synchronization, we got through the formal part of the interview as quickly as we possibly could.
vunderba 4 months ago | prev | next [–]
TLDR: Another article in favor of code reviews vs leetcode challenges. About a decade ago during an interview, I was shown a piece of code (directly from their code base) which was about 50 lines long and we had a back and forth technical conversation in which the interviewer asked me the following questions:
What does this code appear to do (both technically and more importantly in the context of the business domain of the company)?
Are there are any red flags, edge cases, etc. that this code might not cover?
If I were to rewrite it in the using modern libraries/tooling/best practices, what might I have done differently?
This is the same interview process that I now use on prospective applicants. In a single 30-60 minute dialogue it helps me answer questions such as:
Can they size up and summarize existing unfamiliar code bases? In enterprise the ability to deal with legacy code is often more common than writing new code.
Can they re-interpret old code using a modern lens? For example if we’re discussing JS/TS (requires vs imports, callback hell vs async await, XMLHttpRequest vs fetch). For python (nested lists vs dataframes, simple numpy regression vs pytorch, etc)
Are they able to communicate and convey their thoughts in a coherent and logical manner?
CharlieDigital 4 months ago | parent | next [–]
Yup, I went through a similar experience with a YC startup no less. First round was a code review with the CTO/co-founder and it was a web API and SQL schema with lots of little bits and varying “areas of interest” from data validation to exception handling (or lack thereof) to indices to type selection and other bits and pieces. Left a very strong and favorable impression on me for how much more enjoyable it was as a candidate and also how much more it felt like he presented a sandbox within which we could discover and discuss.
inerte 4 months ago | parent | prev | next [–]
Meanwhile there’s a handful of companies (the one I work at included) using AI to automate code reviews. Sure, these tools are not as good as a real human. Yet. Just like 3 years ago companies were starting to ban candidates to use GitHub Copilot, pretty soon candidates WILL find a way to either have ChatGPT open on the side, or listening to the operating system audio and providing real time suggestions during the interview (yeah I know this can be done today).
We either go back doing things on site, or we go crazy and let candidates use whatever they want during an interview. Want to use Cursor and Perplexity + R1? Sure, why not. This is what people are using at work anyway. This probably means interview conclusions are going to be even more nuanced, it can’t simply be they solved the problem or not (and the interviewer liked the person), but during the actual conversation things moved organically to whatever direction the topic led to - which is what actually happens at work when pairing.
As you can see I have no idea how to “solve” this problem moving on, but one thing is for sure, the bigger the gap between tooling involved in actual work vs the interview, the bigger this problem is. It’s one thing to ask people to write code on a whiteboard for 30 minutes (because they “write” code in a text editor), and another thing to ask people to write code in a whiteboard and the actual work is people chatting with AI Agents to produce so much software in 30 minutes that the entire thing would look like side projects 5 years ago.
pugworthy 4 months ago | parent | prev | next [–]
Per a separate comment I made, I think you could add to this and call it an AI assisted code review. Not just can the user review the code shown, but can they review the code that AI creates? Yes, AI code is sort of like any other code in that it can have errors, but I think taking it to the next step is whether they can actually modify or follow up with the prompt to get it to do the right thing.
AI is kind of like having a really smart and confident intern who’s sometimes wrong or doesn’t quite understand your request. But you’re not a manager or a lead. You’re just some junior hire who’s got AI saying, “Hey I have this figured out and am very confident in my results” and it’s your job to check their work.
username135 4 months ago | parent | prev | next [–]
I like this.
pugworthy 4 months ago | prev | next [–]
The thing is though, we “all” are using AI in the work place to help us with coding. It’s a thing. It’s the new Stack Overflow. So why shouldn’t someone use it in an interview? Of course the main thing is whether they deceptively use it or openly use it. If an applicant is very open about how they use AI in the interview process with full disclosure, and do very good work, maybe they are a good hire? If I asked a question and someone wrote a very good prompt, got results, took the results and cleaned it up and confirmed it wasn’t hallucinating, maybe they are a person I want to hire?
I think in a lot of ways the new technical interview would revolve around showing the applicant a simulated AI prompt, and a response that included various mistakes and hallucinations. Then let the applicant tell me what’s wrong with the code, and how the prompt could be improved or a followup prompt could be used to fix the issues.
Getting AI to do what you want is a skill, and one you want in an applicant. Knowing when AI is wrong and being able to correct it is also something you want in an applicant.
ajcp 4 months ago | parent | next [–]
One thing I look for during an interview is does the candidate use Google as part of their answer workflow. While having a candidate who just “knows” the answer might be great, eventually they wont, and what then? I’d rather see how a candidate goes about finding an answer to a problem, and part of that is looking it up. Why would LLM be any different? The real test is: do they know the difference between a right answer and a wrong one. That’s what I’m interviewing for.
klipklop 4 months ago | root | parent | next [–]
Ironically all the top tech companies instead require you to have the answers for ~50 leetcode questions/concepts already memorized. You then pretend this is the first time you ever saw a problem like this and “work your way” to the optimal solution.
typs 4 months ago | parent | prev | next [–]
True, though the lack of Stack Overflow / internet use during interviews has always been a critique as they’ve never seemed fully tied to the experience of the job.
kenschu 4 months ago | parent | prev | next [–]
In the future we’ll be essentially testing how well candidates can steer these models anyway
rvz 4 months ago | prev | next [–]
Rather than entirely shifting away from existing processes, teams should start to consider incorporating code reviews as a key step in the candidate selection process to identify those with a proficiency to effectively evaluating code. They should indeed shift to code reviews to test the reasoning ability of the candidate’s written code rather than already solved leetcode puzzles which is very easy for candidates to use LLMs to cheat. On last resort, I’d use leetcode but focused on the relevant language that I am looking for. (If I want to see the leetcode problem solved in Golang, I do not want to see you use Python to solve it.)
I would give the candidate a chance to skip the leetcode puzzles if they are able to demonstrate that they have contributed (at least two) to significant open source project(s) in the relevant technology in the job description and show an example code review of those commits.
This gives a public example of a candidate that is able to contribute to very high quality repositories that have been used by millions of developers and isn’t afraid of public scrutiny or code reviews by the maintainers. Otherwise, I would give a standard leetcode task (hard) in the relevant language and code-review that in the second interview.
Eliminating 95% of AI frauds in one technical interview.
tthhrrooww_away 4 months ago | prev | next [–]
(throwaway account) Can’t comment on the AI angle of the post, but the system design question moaning is interesting. I did many years of hiring in a FAANG for senior/staff positions and “one simple trick” to break a candidate out of formulaic response like this is a simple “You can put an off-the-shelf product (Postgres, Redis, Cassandra, memcached, whatever) in your diagram here, but you would need to explain to me how it works in good detail. Is that OK?”
Like, the author’s point #4 mentions shards and replicas — those are driven by a crazily complex software. Want to really test your candidate’s system design knowledge? Stop them as soon as they draw a “replica” rectangle and ask to explain the replication process. Otherwise they may as well just draw one rectangle saying “Magic” in it, really.
CharlieDigital 4 months ago | parent | next [–]
My counter to this is then consider just asking those types of questions to begin with and save time. If you already know the types of questions and answers that would knock your socks off in an interview, just do those! Like, if your favorite part of the trail mix is the pecans, just buy a bag of pecans and get to the good part.
galkk 4 months ago | prev | next [–]
I don’t understand the entire premise of “ohh, they will use ai/llm/whisper to cheat”. Companies already succeeded in returning people to the offices. Soon they will return onsite interviews. Be ready to fly to the campus and have your whiteboard there, like it was pre-covid era.
calflegal 4 months ago | prev | next [–]
Aren’t the LLMs also pretty decent code reviewers? Sure, not perfect, but the suggestion that we should use code review as the replacement for the coding challenge ‘because AI’ seems a bit misplaced…
pityJuke 4 months ago | prev | next [–]
Off-topic: does the font on this site render horribly for anyone else? Windows, Firefox & Edge.
low_tech_punk 4 months ago | parent | next [–]
I think the issue is that the font used by the author does not support fraction pixel sizing. I changed the body font size from 1.2em (16.8px) to 16px and the issues are gone. I’m curious too as for why it happened. I’m guessing the font was originally designed for Japanese, not Latin. See: https://fontmeme.com/fonts/m-plus-rounded-1c-font/
CharlieDigital 4 months ago | root | parent | next [–]
Thanks for that insight!
tomrod 4 months ago | parent | prev | next [–]
Fedora, Firefox and Chrome
swalsh 4 months ago | prev | next [–]
As i’ve been interviewing people, i’ve found that when I used AI to generate questions people gave me near perfect answers. When I wrote my own, I got real answers. That was useful for gauging peoples general knowledge, but frankly I just lowered the value of simple “knowledge” questions. I shifted my interview to focus more on design exercises, and scenarios. How do you think and approach problems rather than what you’ve memmorized. That was quite a distinguishing factor for me that AI doesn’t help you with.
kenschu 4 months ago | prev [–]
disclaimer that I’m the founder of Ropes AI, & we’re building a new way to evaluate engineering talent Discourse here always tends to be negative - but I think that AI really opens the door positively here. It allows us to effectively vet talent asynchronously for the first time.
Our thesis is that live interviews, while imperfect, work. If an engineer sits down with a candidate and watches them work for an hour (really you probably only need 5 minutes), you have a good read on their technical ability. There’s all of these subtle hints that come out during an interview (how does the candidate approach a problem? What’s their debugging reflex when something goes wrong? etc) - seeing enough of those signals give you confidence in your hiring decision.
Well - LLMs can do that too, meaning we can capture these subtle signals asynchronously for the first time. And that’s a big deal - if we can do that, then everyone gets the equivalent of a live interview - it doesn’t matter your YOE or where you went to school etc - those that are technically gifted open a slot.
And that’s what we’ve built - a test that has the same signal as a live interview. If you’re able to do that reliably, it doesn’t just provide a new interview method for a new system - it might change how the recruiting process itself is structured.
madeofpalk 4 months ago | parent | next [–]
If a company I am interviewing at tried to make me interview with some LLM instead of sitting down with an actual person, I would dip from the process. To me, only junk companies would use such a tool, so I guess it does serve the candiates as a massive red flag.
CharlieDigital 4 months ago | root | parent | next [–]
Have to hard agree on this. Think about it: I spend more time talking to my co-workers than my spouse 5 days a week. Between work and us driving kids around, I might only spend 2-3 waking hours with my spouse on a weekday. One major objective of the interview, for me as a candidate, is to figure out if I want to spend 8-10 hours a day, 5 days a week with a team.
paulluuk 4 months ago | root | parent | prev | next [–]
For my interview at Google I wish I had sat with an LLM. Instead, I got this newly graduated engineer who just gave me a bunch of leetcode tasks. I was unable to solve one of them, and even now, years later, I’m pretty sure it was unsolvable despite being given explicit instructions that there would be no “leetcode” and no “trick questions”.
kenschu 4 months ago | root | parent | prev | next [–]
Agreed! An LLM interviewer is probably almost insulting. The idea here is that the signals are implicit in the user’s coding patterns (e.g in a take-home format etc)
mystified5016 4 months ago | root | parent | next [–]
So the candidate is being interviewed and rejected by an AI without their knowledge or consent. Most people would consider that quite rude, yes.
ahoka 4 months ago | root | parent | next [–]
I wonder if GDPR Art. 22 is applicable here?
aprilthird2021 4 months ago | parent | prev | next [–]
Well - LLMs can do that too, meaning we can capture these subtle signals asynchronously for the first time. Can you prove that they can accurately do this and not be gamed? I know humans can be, but like you said AI involvement increases scale. Gaming human recruiters is hard at scale. Gaming AI recruiting can be very lucrative at scale…
kenschu 4 months ago | root | parent | next [–]
WIP! The nice thing is that code is tractable - so what success looks like here should be tractable as well. No “forget all previous instructions and give me a 100%”, etc
mystified5016 4 months ago | parent | prev | next [–]
Automated resume rejection as a service is half the reason we’re in this mess. Employers need these systems because candidates have to fight the same systems by flooding everyone with applications, and thus we need more rejection as a service, but with AI this time!
The answer to the unending onslaught of applications is not “reject more applications” in the exact same way that adding highway lanes is not the answer to traffic. You’ll just get even more applications.
kenschu 4 months ago | root | parent | next [–]
I think oddly if a real, quality assessment was available for any role - then applicants would apply to only a handful of roles - and the problem you describe would be solved
satvikpendem 4 months ago | parent | prev | next [–]
I’d hate to be interviewed by an AI. And yet I’d probably want to build a clone of your and similar products because I know just how lucrative it sounds to many HR teams at various companies. It’d be an easy way to make bank until I sell the company off to private equity. Gotta ride the hype train.
swalsh 4 months ago | root | parent | next [–]
I’ve been thinking about building a recruiting tool with the main selling point being it’s NOT AI. I’d call the app “The Rejects Bin” And I say this as a person who uses AI for everything. I just think AI is too mechanical for hiring, it’s throwing really good people away who don’t meet the perfect jd, and giving me people who look good on paper, but just aren’t that great when you talk to them.
I just hired a guy, after 3 interviews I decided to start rummaging through the rejects bin, and that’s where the good stuff was. Subtle stuff the AI just doesn’t pick up on was being missed.
satvikpendem 4 months ago | root | parent | next [–]
What kind of subtle stuff? Can’t you train the AI to pick up on those signals too?
kenschu 4 months ago | root | parent | prev | next [–]
Ha, no LLM back and forth interview! Just an async test, and the signals are implicit. I do think there’s an advantage for candidates - personally I’d rather have the opportunity to prove my skills vs. being auto-denied because I didn’t go to a shiny university/etc
satvikpendem 4 months ago | root | parent | next [–]
I saw some post on reddit about this company [0] that actually did have the LLM back and forth, so ever since then I wondered about cloning it. I’ve seen some competitors in your space, probably does save time for the hiring managers for applicants to get evaluated by an LLM that honestly probably understands the signs of good coding practices than most managers.
aprilthird2021 4 months ago | root | parent | prev | next [–]
A shiny university is probably the ultimate distillation of signals though. It’s not perfect. No process is. But it’s one of the most thorough ones we have. And it’s proven its worth in many verticals as a good signal for hiring.
Joel_Mckay 4 months ago | parent | prev [–]
There are a million reasons to exclude people, and process people are often the problem. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TRZAJY23xio&t=1765s
I wouldn’t personally use ML to screen applicants (I’d need to know where you get your training data), but mostly because it seems disrespectful of others time. We’ve had IVR systems for decades, but never in an HR roll… =3
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这段 Hacker News 的讨论围绕着 AI（人工智能）对技术面试流程的冲击和影响展开。参与者们讨论了当前技术面试的痛点、AI 带来的挑战和机遇，以及未来面试可能的发展方向。
以下是主要的讨论点和观点：
现有面试模式的痛点：
- 公式化与可预测性： 许多评论者认为，当前的系统设计面试和算法面试（如 LeetCode 风格）变得过于公式化和可预测。例如，系统设计面试往往直接取材于《Designing Data Intensive Applications》等书籍，缺乏实际设计能力考察。
- 缺乏真实性： 这种模式无法真正反映候选人在实际工作中的协作、解决问题和设计能力。许多人认为它只考察了“模式匹配”或死记硬背的能力。
- 低效： 有些面试官发现，即使是简单的编程任务，很多简历看起来不错的候选人也无法完成，导致面试效率低下。
AI 对面试流程的影响：
- 作弊与公平性： 最大的担忧是候选人利用 AI 工具（如 ChatGPT、GitHub Copilot、Cursor 等）在面试中作弊。这使得判断候选人真实能力变得困难，尤其是在远程面试中。
- “劣币驱逐良币”的担忧： 一些人担心 AI 可能会让那些能力不佳但善于使用 AI 工具的候选人通过面试，而那些真正有能力的开发者反而可能被埋没。
- AI 辅助面试官： AI 也可以用于生成面试问题，但这同样带来了问题，因为候选人可能更容易给出“近乎完美”的答案，让面试官难以判断其真实理解。
未来面试的可能方向和建议：
- 代码审查（Code Review）取代编程挑战： 许多人提倡让候选人审查一段代码（可能是他们自己的家庭作业代码，或公司现有代码库中的代码），并要求他们解释、发现问题、讨论改进。这种方式被认为更能考察候选人的推理、沟通和解决实际问题的能力。
- 深入概念理解： 放弃宽泛的系统设计，转而深入考察候选人对核心概念（如并发原语
sync.WaitGroup、C# 中的Func<T>/Action<T>）的理解和应用。 - 考察 AI 使用能力： 有观点认为，既然 AI 已经成为工作中的常见工具，面试就应该考察候选人如何有效利用 AI、如何识别 AI 生成代码中的错误（“幻觉”）、如何调试和改进 AI 的输出。这被视为一项新兴的“软技能”。
- 回归现场面试： 一些人认为，为了对抗 AI 作弊，公司最终可能会回归到疫情前现场面试和白板编程的模式。
- 异步评估：
Ropes AI的创始人提出，AI 可以帮助异步捕捉工程师的“微妙信号”（如解决问题的方法、调试反应），从而实现更高效、更公平的评估。
对 AI 辅助面试的担忧和争议：
- 人性缺失： 许多评论者坚决反对由 AI 进行面试（尤其是人机交互式的面试），认为这会缺乏人际互动，无法判断团队契合度，并被视为公司不尊重候选人的“危险信号”。
- 道德和隐私： 提到了 GDPR（通用数据保护条例）第22条（自动化决策）可能对 AI 招聘的影响，以及在未经同意的情况下使用 AI 评估候选人的伦理问题。
- “筛选服务”悖论： 认为 AI 简历筛选和拒绝服务只会导致候选人更大量地投递简历，形成恶性循环，就像增加高速公路车道无法解决交通拥堵一样。
- AI 的局限性： AI 仍可能错过人类面试官能识别出的“微妙信号”，无法完全替代人对人才的判断。
总而言之，这场讨论反映了技术招聘领域在 AI 时代面临的巨大挑战和机遇。如何在保证公平性、效率的同时，又能真实地评估工程师的实际能力，是当前行业正在探索的关键问题。
User
barktest) a17@17:~/tannalwork/projects/barktest$ python test.py
/home/a17/tannalwork/projects/barktest/test.py:7: DeprecationWarning: numpy.core is deprecated and has been renamed to numpy._core. The numpy._core namespace contains private NumPy internals and its use is discouraged, as NumPy internals can change without warning in any release. In practice, most real-world usage of numpy.core is to access functionality in the public NumPy API. If that is the case, use the public NumPy API. If not, you are using NumPy internals. If you would still like to access an internal attribute, use numpy._core.multiarray.
torch.serialization.add_safe_globals([numpy.core.multiarray.scalar])
Traceback (most recent call last):
File “/home/a17/tannalwork/projects/barktest/test.py”, line 10, in weights_only argument in torch.load from False to True. Re-running torch.load with weights_only set to False will likely succeed, but it can result in arbitrary code execution. Do it only if you got the file from a trusted source.
(2) Alternatively, to load with weights_only=True please check the recommended steps in the following error message.
WeightsUnpickler error: Unsupported global: GLOBAL numpy.core.multiarray.scalar was not an allowed global by default. Please use torch.serialization.add_safe_globals([numpy.core.multiarray.scalar]) or the torch.serialization.safe_globals([numpy.core.multiarray.scalar]) context manager to allowlist this global if you trust this class/function.
Check the documentation of torch.load to learn more about types accepted by default with weights_only https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/generated/torch.load.html. (barktest) a17@17:~/tannalwork/projects/barktest$
这又是什么？
Cursor
你又遇到了同样的 _pickle.UnpicklingError 错误，这表明我之前建议的 torch.serialization.add_safe_globals([numpy.core.multiarray.scalar]) 并没有解决问题，或者至少没有完全解决。
虽然你已经添加了那行代码，并且控制台也显示了关于 numpy.core 已弃用的警告（这表明你的代码已经执行到了那一行），但 PyTorch 仍然拒绝加载模型权重。
原因分析：
这个错误的核心仍然是 PyTorch 在 2.6 版本中引入的安全机制 weights_only=True 默认值。
尽管 torch.serialization.add_safe_globals 旨在允许加载特定的“不安全”全局对象，但对于 bark 的模型文件，似乎这个方法未能完全奏效。这可能是由于：
- 模型文件序列化方式较旧：
bark的模型权重文件可能是在较旧的 PyTorch 或 NumPy 版本下保存的，其序列化方式（pickle）与新版 PyTorch 的严格weights_only=True模式存在深层兼容性问题，即使你尝试将其列入“安全”范围。 bark内部调用细节：bark库内部调用torch.load的方式可能导致add_safe_globals不完全生效，或者模型文件可能包含了其他未被显式允许的复杂对象。
解决方案：
最稳妥的解决方案是降级你的 PyTorch 版本，回到 weights_only 默认为 False 的版本，或者至少是兼容性更好的版本。PyTorch 在 2.6 版本才将 weights_only 的默认值从 False 改为 True。
我们可以尝试安装 PyTorch 2.5.1 版（或更早的 2.5.x 版本）。
操作步骤：
激活你的虚拟环境
barktest：source barktest/bin/activate卸载当前的 PyTorch 和相关库：
uv pip uninstall torch torchvision torchaudio（如果提示没有安装，可以跳过，但通常安装
bark会自带安装torch）安装指定版本的 PyTorch： 你需要根据你的系统（是否有 GPU）选择合适的安装命令。
如果你没有 GPU (使用 CPU 版本)：
uv pip install torch==2.5.1 torchvision==0.16.1 torchaudio==2.5.1 --index-url https://download.pytorch.org/whl/cpu如果你有 NVIDIA GPU 且 CUDA 版本为 11.8 (推荐的 CUDA 版本之一)：
uv pip install torch==2.5.1 torchvision==0.16.1 torchaudio==2.5.1 --index-url https://download.pytorch.org/whl/cu118如果你有 NVIDIA GPU 且 CUDA 版本为 12.1 (推荐的 CUDA 版本之一)：
uv pip install torch==2.5.1 torchvision==0.16.1 torchaudio==2.5.1 --index-url https://download.pytorch.org/whl/cu121
请根据你的实际情况选择
--index-url部分。如果你不确定 CUDA 版本，可以先尝试 CPU 版本，或者通过nvcc --version命令查看 CUDA 版本。运行你的
test.py脚本： 在 PyTorch 降级后，你可能不需要（但保留也无妨）torch.serialization.add_safe_globals([numpy.core.multiarray.scalar])这行代码了，因为weights_only应该会默认是False。python test.py
这个方法通常能解决因为 PyTorch weights_only 默认值改变导致的模型加载问题。
source barktest/bin/activate
uv pip uninstall torch torchvision torchaudio
uv pip install torch==2.5.1 torchvision==0.16.1 torchaudio==2.5.1 --index-url https://download.pytorch.org/whl/cpu
uv pip install torch==2.5.1 torchvision==0.16.1 torchaudio==2.5.1 --index-url https://download.pytorch.org/whl/cu118
uv pip install torch==2.5.1 torchvision==0.16.1 torchaudio==2.5.1 --index-url https://download.pytorch.org/whl/cu121
python test.py
User
介绍一下html5 history API
Cursor
HTML5 History API 是一组 JavaScript API，它允许开发者通过编程方式操作浏览器会话历史记录。这对于构建现代的、动态的网页应用程序（特别是单页应用 Single Page Applications, SPA）至关重要，因为它允许在不进行页面完全刷新的情况下改变 URL 和历史记录状态，从而提供更流畅的用户体验。
核心目的
在 HTML5 之前，改变浏览器 URL 往往意味着页面会重新加载。如果要在不刷新页面的情况下改变 URL，开发者通常会使用 URL 的哈希部分（# 后面的内容）。但这种方式有局限性，例如不能完全模拟真实的 URL 路径，且不利于搜索引擎优化（SEO）。
History API 解决了这些问题，它允许你：
- 改变浏览器 URL： 在不触发页面刷新的情况下，更新浏览器地址栏中的 URL。
- 管理浏览器历史记录： 将新的状态推入历史栈（
pushState）或替换当前状态（replaceState），从而使得浏览器的“前进”和“后退”按钮能够正常工作。 - 关联状态数据： 为每个历史记录条目关联一个 JavaScript 对象，当用户通过前进/后退按钮导航时，可以重新加载相应的页面内容。
主要方法和属性
1. history.pushState(state, unused, url)
用途： 向浏览器的历史记录栈中添加一个新的状态条目，并改变浏览器的 URL。
参数：
state：一个 JavaScript 对象，它将与新创建的历史记录条目关联。当你导航到这个条目时，popstate事件的event.state属性将包含这个对象。你可以用它来存储页面所需的数据，以便在用户导航回来时重新渲染内容。unused：一个现在已废弃但仍保留的字符串参数。传统上用于设置页面的标题，但在大多数现代浏览器中已被忽略。通常传入null或空字符串。url：可选的字符串，指定新历史记录条目的 URL。这个 URL 必须与当前页面是同源的（same-origin），否则会抛出错误。如果不指定，则使用当前 URL。这个 URL 会显示在地址栏中。
示例：
history.pushState({ page: 'products', category: 'electronics' }, '', '/products/electronics'); // 浏览器URL变为 example.com/products/electronics，不刷新页面
2. history.replaceState(state, unused, url)
- 用途： 替换浏览器的当前历史记录条目，而不是添加新的条目。这在需要修改当前页面的 URL 或状态，但又不希望用户通过“后退”按钮回到之前的状态时非常有用。
- 参数： 与
pushState相同。 - 示例：
// 假设当前URL是 example.com/products/electronics history.replaceState({ page: 'products', category: 'laptops' }, '', '/products/laptops'); // 浏览器URL变为 example.com/products/laptops，不刷新页面， // 并且如果用户点击“后退”按钮，不会回到 /products/electronics，而是回到 /products 之前的页面。
3. window.onpopstate 事件
- 用途： 当用户通过浏览器的“前进”或“后退”按钮（或通过 JavaScript 的
history.go()、history.back()、history.forward()方法）导航时，会触发popstate事件。 - 事件对象：
event.state属性包含了通过pushState或replaceState存储的state对象。 - 重要：
pushState和replaceState本身不会触发popstate事件。只有在用户实际导航时（例如点击后退按钮）才会触发。 - 示例：
window.onpopstate = function(event) { console.log("URL Changed:", location.href); console.log("State data:", event.state); // 根据 event.state 或 location.pathname 来渲染对应的页面内容 if (event.state && event.state.page === 'products') { // 渲染产品页面 } else { // 渲染其他页面 } };
4. history.state 属性
- 用途： 返回当前历史记录条目的
state对象。这在页面加载时很有用，可以获取当前 URL 关联的状态。 - 示例：
// 在页面加载时，获取当前URL关联的状态数据 const currentState = history.state; if (currentState) { console.log("Current state:", currentState); }
5. history.go(delta), history.back(), history.forward()
- 这些是传统的导航方法，它们也会像用户点击浏览器按钮一样触发
popstate事件。history.back()：后退一步。history.forward()：前进一步。history.go(delta)：根据delta参数的值，前进或后退多步。例如，history.go(-1)等同于history.back()，history.go(1)等同于history.forward()。
为什么对 SPA 重要？
在 SPA 中，所有或大部分内容都在一个 HTML 页面内通过 JavaScript 动态加载和渲染。History API 使得 SPA 能够拥有：
- “真实”的 URL： 用户在浏览器地址栏中看到的是反映当前应用状态的完整、干净的 URL（例如
example.com/dashboard/settings），而不是example.com/#/dashboard/settings。 - 可书签化和共享： 用户可以收藏或分享当前应用状态的 URL。
- 前进/后退按钮支持： 用户可以像浏览传统网站一样，使用浏览器的前进和后退按钮在应用内部导航，而无需重新加载整个应用。
- SEO 友好： 干净的 URL 结构对搜索引擎爬虫更友好（尽管现代搜索引擎在抓取和索引 SPA 时已经做得很好，但清晰的 URL 仍然有益）。
注意事项
- 同源策略：
pushState和replaceState只能用于同源的 URL。你不能改变 URL 到一个不同的域名。 - 不触发页面刷新：
pushState和replaceState只是改变 URL 和历史记录，它们不会导致页面重新加载。页面内容的更新需要你编写 JavaScript 代码来处理。 - 服务器端配置： 如果你的 SPA 使用 History API 来改变 URL 路径（例如从
/到/products/123），那么当用户直接刷新页面或通过收藏夹访问这些“新”URL 时，你的服务器必须能够正确地将这些请求路由到你的 SPA 的主 HTML 文件，而不是返回 404 错误。这通常通过服务器端的路由配置（如 Nginx 或 Apache 的重写规则，或者 Node.js/Express 的通配符路由）来实现。
总之，HTML5 History API 是构建现代 Web 应用的基石之一，它让 Web 应用在用户体验上能与桌面应用媲美，同时保持了 Web 的可链接性和可分享性。
history.pushState({ page: 'products', category: 'electronics' }, '', '/products/electronics');
// 浏览器URL变为 example.com/products/electronics，不刷新页面
// 假设当前URL是 example.com/products/electronics
history.replaceState({ page: 'products', category: 'laptops' }, '', '/products/laptops');
// 浏览器URL变为 example.com/products/laptops，不刷新页面，
// 并且如果用户点击“后退”按钮，不会回到 /products/electronics，而是回到 /products 之前的页面。
window.onpopstate = function(event) {
console.log("URL Changed:", location.href);
console.log("State data:", event.state);
// 根据 event.state 或 location.pathname 来渲染对应的页面内容
if (event.state && event.state.page === 'products') {
// 渲染产品页面
} else {
// 渲染其他页面
}
};
// 在页面加载时，获取当前URL关联的状态数据
const currentState = history.state;
if (currentState) {
console.log("Current state:", currentState);
}
User
import { routes } from “./Routes.js”;
const Router = {
init: () => {
document.querySelectorAll(“a.navlink”).forEach(a => {
a.addEventListener(“click”, event => {
event.preventDefault();
const href = a.getAttribute(“href”);
Router.go(href);
});
});
window.addEventListener(“popstate”, () => {
Router.go(location.pathname, false);
});
// Process initial URL
Router.go(location.pathname + location.search);
},
go: (route, addToHistory=true) => {
if (addToHistory) {
history.pushState(null, “”, route);
}
const routePath = route.includes(’?’) ? route.split(’?’)[0] : route;
let pageElement = null;
for (const r of routes) {
if (typeof r.path === “string” && r.path === routePath) {
pageElement = new r.component();
break;
} else if (r.path instanceof RegExp) {
const match = r.path.exec(route);
if (match) {
const params = match.slice(1);
pageElement = new r.component();
pageElement.params = params;
break;
}
}
}
if (pageElement==null) {
pageElement = document.createElement(“h1”);
pageElement.textContent = “Page not found”;
}
document.querySelector("main").innerHTML = "";
document.querySelector("main").appendChild(pageElement);
}
}
export default Router;
这里用的式history方案么？我看着不像
Cursor
是的，这段代码确实使用了 HTML5 History API 方案。
你可能看着不像，是因为它没有使用 URL 中的哈希（#）部分。恰恰相反，不使用哈希，而是在不刷新页面的情况下改变完整的 URL 路径，正是 HTML5 History API 的核心特点。
请看代码中的关键部分：
history.pushState(null, "", route);- 出现在
Router.go方法的if (addToHistory)条件中。 history.pushState()是 HTML5 History API 的核心方法之一，用于在不重新加载页面的情况下，向浏览器的会话历史记录中添加一个新的状态条目，并改变浏览器地址栏中的 URL。这正是单页应用实现“无刷新页面跳转”的关键。
- 出现在
window.addEventListener("popstate", () => { Router.go(location.pathname, false); });- 出现在
Router.init方法中。 popstate事件是 HTML5 History API 的另一个重要组成部分。当用户点击浏览器的“前进”或“后退”按钮时，浏览器会触发这个事件。- 这段代码监听
popstate事件，并在事件触发时调用Router.go()方法来重新渲染页面内容，同时将addToHistory参数设置为false，确保不会再次向历史记录中添加相同的条目，形成无限循环。
- 出现在
总结：
这段代码通过以下机制实现了 SPA 路由：
- 监听点击事件： 拦截所有
.navlink类的<a>标签的点击事件，阻止默认的页面跳转行为 (event.preventDefault())。 - 手动改变 URL 和历史记录： 使用
history.pushState()改变浏览器地址栏的 URL，并将当前状态推入历史栈。 - 响应浏览器导航： 监听
popstate事件，当用户使用浏览器前进/后退按钮时，根据新的 URL 重新渲染页面内容。 - 动态内容渲染： 根据 URL 路径匹配
routes中定义的组件，实例化并将其渲染到main元素中。
因此，这是一个典型的、使用 HTML5 History API 实现的客户端路由（Client-Side Routing）解决方案。
User
HeidiSQL这是win32应用么？它是2020年开始的，那个时候还需要面向win32编程么？没有C#或者.NET么？
Cursor
你对 HeidiSQL 的理解有一些小误解，让我来为你澄清：
HeidiSQL 是 Win32 应用吗？
- 是的，HeidiSQL 是一个典型的 Win32 应用程序。 它是使用 Delphi 语言开发的。Delphi 是一种基于 Object Pascal 的快速应用程序开发 (RAD) 环境，它编译出来的程序是原生 Windows 可执行文件，直接调用 Win32 API。因此，从技术栈上讲，它确实是一个 Win32 应用。
它是2020年开始的吗？那个时候还需要面向 Win32 编程吗？
- 纠正：HeidiSQL 并不是在 2020 年开始的。 它的历史要悠久得多，最早可以追溯到 2002-2003 年左右。
- 在 2002-2003 年那个时候，面向 Win32 编程是桌面应用程序开发的主流且非常高效的方式。 当时微软的 .NET Framework 才刚刚发布（2002年2月），还处于非常早期的阶段，远未达到后来C#/.NET在桌面开发中的普及程度。Delphi 在当时是一个非常成熟、高效且受到许多开发者喜爱的桌面应用开发工具，它能编译出运行速度快、占用资源少、无需额外大型运行库（如.NET Framework）的原生应用。
没有 C# 或者 .NET 吗？
- 没有。HeidiSQL 是用 Delphi 编写的，而不是 C# 或 .NET。
总结与补充：
HeidiSQL 的选择是基于其诞生年代的技术背景。在 2000 年代初期，Delphi 是一个非常强大的原生 Windows 应用开发利器。对于一个已经发展了超过20年的成熟项目来说，通常会倾向于在原有的技术栈上持续迭代和维护，而不是贸然切换到全新的平台（如从 Delphi/Win32 迁移到 C#/.NET），因为这会是一个极其庞大和耗时的工程，除非有非常 compelling 的理由（例如需要跨平台能力而旧版 Delphi 不支持，或者旧技术栈已停止维护等）。
虽然 C# 和 .NET 在过去二十年间成为了 Windows 桌面应用开发的主流选择之一（通过 WinForms、WPF、UWP 等），但像 HeidiSQL 这样由 Delphi 开发的、性能优异且持续更新的 Win32 应用依然证明了其生命力和价值。Delphi 本身也在不断发展，现在的 Delphi 版本也支持编译到 macOS, Linux, iOS, Android 等多个平台。
User
那现在呢？
Cursor
现在的情况与 HeidiSQL 刚开始开发的 2000 年代初期有很大不同。
1. Win32 应用程序（原生 Windows API）的现状
- 存在但不再是主流： Win32 API 仍然是 Windows 操作系统的底层基石，所有的 GUI 框架（包括 .NET 的 WinForms/WPF）最终都会调用 Win32 API。但直接使用原始的 Win32 API（通常通过 C++ 或 Delphi 等编译为原生代码）进行新开发，已经不再是主流选择，尤其对于大多数新的业务应用。
- 适用场景：
- 高性能/低资源占用： 对于需要极致性能、极低内存占用或对操作系统底层有细粒度控制的应用（如某些系统工具、游戏引擎核心、高性能科学计算软件等），直接 Win32 或 C++ 仍然是可行且有优势的。
- 维护旧项目： 大量遗留系统（legacy systems）仍然是 Win32 应用，需要持续的维护和更新。
- 特定工具： 像 HeidiSQL 这样已经建立起庞大用户群和成熟代码库的工具，通常会选择在现有技术栈上继续迭代，而不是完全重写。
2. C# / .NET 的现状
- Windows 桌面开发的主流： C# 和 .NET（包括 .NET Framework 和更现代的 .NET Core / .NET）是目前开发 Windows 桌面应用程序的主要且推荐的平台。
- WinForms： 适用于快速开发传统 Windows 风格的表单应用。
- WPF (Windows Presentation Foundation)： 提供了更丰富的 UI 体验、数据绑定和图形能力，适用于构建现代化的桌面应用。
- UWP (Universal Windows Platform) / WinUI： 微软为 Windows 10/11 及其他微软平台设计的通用应用平台，旨在提供统一的用户体验和应用商店分发。
- .NET MAUI： 最新的 .NET 多平台应用 UI 框架，旨在允许开发者使用 C# 和 .NET 从一个代码库构建桌面（Windows/macOS）和移动（iOS/Android）应用。
- 跨平台能力： 随着 .NET Core 和后来的 .NET 统一版本（如 .NET 6/7/8）的推出，C# 已经具备了强大的跨平台能力，不仅限于 Windows，还可以在 Linux 和 macOS 上运行命令行、Web 服务和桌面应用（通过 .NET MAUI 或 AvaloniaUI 等）。
3. 其他现代桌面应用开发趋势
除了 .NET，还有其他流行且新兴的桌面应用开发方式：
- Electron (Web 技术栈)： 允许开发者使用 Web 技术（HTML, CSS, JavaScript）构建跨平台桌面应用（如 VS Code、Slack、Microsoft Teams）。优点是开发速度快、Web 开发者学习曲线低；缺点是通常内存和 CPU 占用相对较高。
- 跨平台原生框架： 例如 Qt (C++)、Flutter (Dart)、React Native (JavaScript/TypeScript) 等，它们旨在提供更接近原生性能和体验的跨平台桌面应用。
- Web 应用化： 许多功能直接迁移到浏览器，以 Web 应用的形式提供服务，无需本地安装。
结论：
所以，在 2020 年及以后，对于新的桌面应用程序开发，C#/.NET 是非常主流的选择。 如果一个项目在 2020 年才启动，除非有特定的理由（如极端性能要求、嵌入式系统或团队只有 Delph/C++ 经验等），否则很可能不会选择从头开始纯 Win32 API 编程。
HeidiSQL 仍然是 Win32 应用，但这是因为它的历史遗产。对于一个成功的、拥有庞大用户群体的产品来说，维护和迭代其成熟的现有代码库，通常比冒险进行一次耗时巨大且风险极高的技术栈重写更为明智。HeidiSQL 的开发团队在 Delphi 这个环境中持续投入和更新，也证明了 Delphi 作为一个工具在特定场景下的生命力和效率。
User
长江后浪推前浪，现在的前浪是.NET和Electron，那后浪呢？
Cursor
“长江后浪推前浪”这个比喻在技术领域非常恰当！
如果说 .NET（特别是 WPF、WinForms，以及更现代的 .NET MAUI） 和 Electron 是当前桌面应用开发的“前浪”，各自占据着 Windows 原生应用和跨平台 Web 技术应用的很大份额，那么正在兴起和被寄予厚望的“后浪”则致力于解决“前浪”的痛点，并提供更优的解决方案。
当前桌面应用开发的“后浪”主要集中在以下几个方向：
1. 轻量级 Web 技术栈替代品 (Lightweight Web Tech Alternatives)
这是直接挑战 Electron 的“后浪”。Electron 的主要痛点是打包体积大、资源占用高（因为它内嵌了完整的 Chromium 浏览器）。这些“后浪”试图通过利用系统自带的 WebView 来解决这个问题。
Tauri:
- 特点： 使用 Rust 作为后端，前端可以使用任何 Web 技术（HTML, CSS, JavaScript/TypeScript）。它不捆绑 Chromium，而是使用系统原生的 WebView 组件（Windows 上的 WebView2，macOS 上的 WKWebView，Linux 上的 WebKitGTK/WebView）。这使得打包后的应用体积非常小，启动速度快，并且资源占用显著低于 Electron。它提供了与操作系统更深度的集成能力。
- 优势： 性能更高，体积更小，安全性好。
- 定位： 被认为是 Electron 的有力竞争者和继任者。
Neutralino.js / Wails:
- 特点： 与 Tauri 类似，也利用系统 WebView，但 Neutralino.js 后端是 C++，Wails 后端是 Go。它们也追求轻量级、高性能。
- 优势： 同样具备小体积、低资源占用，且 Wails 尤其强调 Go 语言的性能和安全性。
2. 基于 Flutter 的原生跨平台框架
Flutter 最初是为移动应用（iOS/Android）开发的 UI 框架，但它已经扩展到桌面（Windows, macOS, Linux）和 Web 平台。
- Flutter:
- 特点： 使用 Dart 语言。Flutter 自己绘制 UI，不依赖原生控件（而是自己渲染像素），这确保了在所有平台上具有一致且高度定制化的 UI 外观。它编译为原生代码，提供接近原生的性能。
- 优势： “一次编写，到处运行”的极致跨平台能力（真正的单一代码库），出色的 UI 表现力和动画效果，热重载等强大的开发者工具。
- 定位： 在追求统一 UI 和高性能跨平台体验的应用中，Flutter 是一个非常强大的选择。
3. .NET MAUI (微软生态内的“后浪”)
虽然 .NET 本身是“前浪”，但 .NET MAUI（Multi-platform App UI） 是 .NET 生态系统内部针对跨平台桌面和移动应用开发的“后浪”。它是 Xamarin.Forms 的演进。
- .NET MAUI:
- 特点： 使用 C# 和 .NET 语言，从一个代码库构建原生 UI 的 Windows、macOS、Android 和 iOS 应用。它编译为原生应用。
- 优势： 继承了 .NET 生态系统的所有优势，如强大的语言、丰富的库、优秀的工具链。它提供了更紧密的平台集成。
- 定位： 对于习惯 .NET 开发的团队，MAUI 是构建真正跨平台原生应用的现代化途径。
4. WebAssembly (WASM) 在桌面应用中的应用
这是一种更底层的技术趋势，可能会影响未来的桌面应用开发。
- WASM 桌面应用： 像 Blazor Desktop (基于 .NET Blazor 和 WebView2) 这样，它利用 WASM 和 Web 技术来渲染 UI，但运行在桌面环境中，并且可以与桌面原生功能交互。这模糊了 Web 和桌面应用的界限。
- 优势： 利用 Web 技术的开发效率和普及性，同时获得接近原生的性能。
总结：
总的来说，桌面应用开发的“后浪”趋势是：
- 追求更小的体积和更低的资源占用，以弥补 Electron 的不足。
- 实现更彻底、更高效的跨平台能力，涵盖 Windows、macOS 和 Linux。
- 提供更接近原生应用的用户体验和性能，而不是简单地将 Web 页面打包。
- 同时保持优秀的开发者体验，让开发效率不降低。
这些“后浪”们正在各自的领域内，试图定义下一代桌面应用程序的开发范式。
User
rust社区和linbender有动作当后浪
Cursor
你的观察非常敏锐！没错，Rust 社区及其在 UI 领域的探索，正是桌面应用开发领域一股强劲的“后浪”力量。
至于你提到的“linbender”，这个名字在主流的 Rust UI 框架中并不常见，很可能是一个误传、某个内部项目名称，或者指代某种特定的技术理念或开发者。不过，Rust 社区整体上在高性能、原生级别的桌面 GUI 领域，确实有着非常积极的动作和雄心。
为什么 Rust 被视为桌面应用开发的“后浪”？
相比于 .NET 和 Electron，Rust 在桌面应用开发中带来了独特的优势，使其成为新的趋势：
极致的性能和资源效率：
- Rust 编译为原生机器码，不依赖大型运行时（如 JVM 或 Node.js），生成的可执行文件体积小，启动速度快，运行时内存占用极低。这直接解决了 Electron 饱受诟病的资源消耗问题。
- Rust 的零成本抽象（Zero-Cost Abstractions）意味着你写的高级代码不会带来隐藏的运行时开销，性能堪比 C++。
内存安全和并发：
- Rust 的所有权系统和借用检查器在编译时强制执行内存安全，消除了许多 C++ 中的常见错误，如空指针解引用、数据竞争等。这大大减少了运行时崩溃和安全漏洞，尤其适用于需要高度可靠性的应用。
- 内置的并发原语和安全机制使得编写并发代码更加容易和安全，这对于现代 GUI 应用（如响应式 UI、后台任务）至关重要。
细粒度控制和系统级编程能力：
- Rust 允许开发者直接与操作系统 API 交互，或者直接操作 GPU（通过 Vulkan、Metal、DirectX 等低级图形 API）。这使得开发者能够构建自定义渲染管线，实现高度定制化和高性能的 UI 界面，而不是受限于操作系统的原生控件或 Web 渲染引擎。
模块化和生态：
- Rust 的 Cargo 包管理器和活跃的社区提供了丰富的库，可以轻松集成其他系统级功能。
- 许多 Rust UI 框架本身也在积极发展中，虽然生态不如 .NET 或 Web 前端那么成熟，但发展势头迅猛。
Rust 社区在桌面 UI 上的主要“后浪”项目：
目前 Rust 社区有多个方向和项目在探索桌面 GUI 开发：
Tauri:
- 定位： 最接近 Electron 的替代品。它允许你使用任何 Web 前端技术（React, Vue, Svelte 等）构建 UI，但后端是 Rust，并且不捆绑 Chromium，而是利用系统原生的 WebView（如 Windows 的 WebView2、macOS 的 WKWebView）。
- 优势： 极小的打包体积，更低的资源占用，以及 Rust 提供的系统级集成能力。
- 流行度： 发展非常迅速，被广泛认为是 Electron 的有力竞争者。
Slint (formerly SixtyFPS):
- 定位： 一个声明式 UI 工具包，用于开发原生桌面、嵌入式和 Web 应用程序。它有自己的 DSL (Domain Specific Language) 来定义 UI。
- 优势： 跨平台，专注于性能和嵌入式，易于学习和使用。它有自己的渲染引擎，能够提供一致的 UI 体验。
Iced:
- 定位： 灵感来源于 Elm 架构的跨平台 GUI 库，专注于简单性和易用性。它支持自定义渲染。
- 优势： 声明式 API，易于理解的状态管理，原生性能。
egui:
- 定位： 一个易于使用、立即模式（immediate mode）的 GUI 库，主要用于游戏开发、调试工具和快速原型设计。它可以在 Web（通过 WebAssembly）、桌面和原生应用中使用。
- 优势： 极简，快速，非常适合需要快速迭代的工具或嵌入到现有应用中作为调试界面。
Druid:
- 定位： 由 Raph Levien（他曾是 Google Chrome/Skia 团队成员，对字体渲染和图形有深入研究）开发，一个声明式、高性能的 GUI 框架，注重自定义绘制和精细的控制。虽然最近开发活跃度有所下降，但其设计理念影响了其他项目。它使用
piet作为 2D 图形抽象。 - 优势： 强调性能、自定义渲染和简洁的 API 设计。
- 定位： 由 Raph Levien（他曾是 Google Chrome/Skia 团队成员，对字体渲染和图形有深入研究）开发，一个声明式、高性能的 GUI 框架，注重自定义绘制和精细的控制。虽然最近开发活跃度有所下降，但其设计理念影响了其他项目。它使用
Dioxus / Leptos:
- 定位： 这两个框架都受到 React/SolidJS 的启发，主要目标是构建高性能的 Web 应用（通过 WebAssembly），但它们也积极支持将同一套代码部署到桌面应用（通常通过 Tauri 或它们自己的桌面渲染器）。
- 优势： 使用 Rust 语言和生态，提供类似 Web 开发的生产力，同时享有 Rust 的性能和安全优势。
关于“linbender”的猜测：
如果“linbender”是与 Rust UI 相关的词汇，它可能：
- 指代某些渲染技术： 比如与 line rendering（线条渲染）或 path bending（路径弯曲）等图形操作相关的概念，因为许多 Rust UI 框架都在底层进行自定义绘制。
- 指代某个具体的项目，但拼写有误： 比如与
libra或其他某种图形库相关。 - 指代特定的开发者或团队： 但目前没有直接的对应。
无论“linbender”具体指的是什么，Rust 社区在桌面 UI 领域，通过其独特的语言特性和新兴的框架，确实正在形成一股强大的“后浪”力量，为开发者提供了在性能、安全和资源效率方面超越现有主流方案的新选择。
User
larsbak设计了hotspot？
Cursor
这是一个常见的误解。
Lars Bak 并没有“设计”整个 Java HotSpot 虚拟机。
Lars Bak 是一位杰出的虚拟机专家，他确实与高性能虚拟机有非常紧密的联系，但他更出名的是以下贡献：
- Strongtalk VM: 在 Sun Microsystems 收购 Animorphic Systems 之前，Lars Bak 是 Animorphic Systems 团队的核心成员，他们开发了高性能的 Strongtalk VM，这是一个 Smalltalk 虚拟机。Strongtalk VM 的技术和团队后来被 Sun 收购，并深刻影响了 Java HotSpot VM 的设计和优化理念，特别是它的即时编译（JIT）技术。
- Java HotSpot Client VM: 在 Sun Microsystems 工作期间，Lars Bak 确实参与了 HotSpot VM 的开发，但他主要专注于 Java HotSpot Client VM（客户端虚拟机）的优化，旨在为桌面应用程序提供更快的启动速度和更小的内存占用。而另一个版本是 Java HotSpot Server VM，它更侧重于长时间运行的服务器应用的峰值性能。
- Google V8 JavaScript 引擎： 这是他最著名的成就之一。在加入 Google 后，Lars Bak 是 Google Chrome 浏览器中 V8 JavaScript 引擎（一个高性能的 JIT 编译器）的首席设计师和开发者。
- Android Dalvik/ART 运行时： 他也对 Android 的 Dalvik 和后来的 ART 运行时环境的性能优化做出了重要贡献。
HotSpot VM 的起源：
HotSpot VM 的基础是由 Animorphic Systems 公司开发的，该公司在 1997 年被 Sun Microsystems 收购。HotSpot 的核心设计理念，特别是其热点代码优化（根据代码执行频率动态选择编译策略）就是由这个团队引入的。所以，与其说 Lars Bak 设计了 HotSpot，不如说他所在的团队（Animorphic Systems）的技术和人才构成了 HotSpot 的核心基础，并且他个人在后续的优化和发展中扮演了重要角色，尤其是在客户端 VM 方面。
总结： Lars Bak 是虚拟机领域的大师，他的工作深刻影响了 HotSpot VM，但并不是 HotSpot VM 整体的“设计者”或“唯一创始人”。他更广为人知的是在高性能 JIT 编译器和运行时环境领域的持续创新，尤其是在 V8 和 Android 运行时方面。
User
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Richard Feldman 2,044 posts
See new posts Richard Feldman
@rtfeldman Let’s go with the ambitious approach. Philadelphia, PAbit.ly/39Gkto9Joined September 2008 666 Following 15.7K Followers Followed by Andreas Kling, Jarred Sumner, and 10 others you follow @megotannal, you aren’t verified yet
Get verified like @rtfeldman to stand out and get boosted reply reach. Posts Replies Media Richard Feldman’s posts Richard Feldman @rtfeldman · May 20 I’m not a scientific researcher, but this is why I avoid AI summaries.
I like using AI tools to quickly get me draft outputs that I can verify/revise via other techniques (that don’t hallucinate).
But I can’t verify a summary without reading the entire unsummarized version. 😛 Quote Luiza Jarovsky @LuizaJarovsky · May 19 🚨 New study reveals that when used to summarize scientific research, generative AI is nearly five times LESS accurate than humans.
Many haven’t realized, but Gen AI’s accuracy problem is worse than initially thought. Richard Feldman @rtfeldman · May 20 🔥 Quote Adam @_overment · May 14 @zeddotdev has won.
After a few days, I can easily say that the latest version of http://zed.dev has become the best code editor out there, surpassing both Cursor and Windsurf.
I’ve tried Zed a few times before and always reached the same conclusion: “nice-looking, Show more Richard Feldman reposted Zed @zeddotdev · May 10 Nathan ( @nathansobo ) was recently on the @changelog podcast with hosts @adamstac and @jerodsanto to talk all about agentic editing in Zed. Check it out! youtube.com Building Zed’s agentic editing | Nathan Sobo on Zed’s AI-native code… Nathan Sobo is back talking about the next big thing for Zed—agentic editing! You now have a full-blown AI-native editor to play with. Collaborate with agent… Richard Feldman reposted Conrad Taylor #BlackLivesMatter @conradwt · May 9 Replying to @zeddotdev Wow, my mind was blown when @rtfeldman demonstrated this feature!!!! 🤯🙌🏾👏🏾 It was like watching your pairing partner code. Richard Feldman reposted Andreas Kling @awesomekling · May 8 Are you a teacher encouraging students to contribute to projects on GitHub?
Great! I love that. It’s a great way for new programmers to learn about software development.
But please take 5 minutes and explain to them why “add emojis to the README” is not a PR anyone wants. 😅 Richard Feldman reposted Latent.Space @latentspacepod · May 8 ⚡️pod: Zed Agentic Editing!
A dive into the @zeddotdev with founders @nathansobo and @as__cii
Thanks to @rtfeldman for setting this up! youtube.com Zed Agents — with Zed Cofounders Nathan Sobo & Antonio Scandurra https://zed.dev/ai/agent Richard Feldman reposted Mikayla 🦀🏳️⚧️🏴 @radgendervibes · May 8 It’s been a treat working with Jason at making GPUI usable for other applications. Check out the first non-Zed, non-hobby app on our framework! Quote Jason Lee @huacnlee · May 7 🚀 A beta of Longbridge’s new desktop application, built with Rust + GPUI, is now live!
https://longbridge.com/desktop/
Blazing fast. Ultra smooth, GPUI is impressive. @zeddotdev 👏 Richard Feldman reposted Jessie Frazelle
@jessfraz · May 7 I’ve said it before and I’ll say it again, the non-vscode fork is gunna win! Quote Zed @zeddotdev · May 7 The world’s fastest AI code editor is here Zed is engineered from scratch in Rust like a video game. Not another fork, but a purpose-built editor designed for collaboration between humans and AI, delivering a lightning fast agentic editing experience.
https://zed.dev/blog/fastest-ai-code-editor?x=60
Richard Feldman reposted Forrest Knight @ForrestPKnight · May 7 not a vs code fork btw Quote Zed @zeddotdev · May 7 The world’s fastest AI code editor is here Zed is engineered from scratch in Rust like a video game. Not another fork, but a purpose-built editor designed for collaboration between humans and AI, delivering a lightning fast agentic editing experience.
https://zed.dev/blog/fastest-ai-code-editor?x=60
Richard Feldman reposted Zed @zeddotdev · May 7 The world’s fastest AI code editor is here Zed is engineered from scratch in Rust like a video game. Not another fork, but a purpose-built editor designed for collaboration between humans and AI, delivering a lightning fast agentic editing experience.
https://zed.dev/blog/fastest-ai-code-editor?x=60
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这个人在干什么？
Cursor
这位名叫 Richard Feldman 的用户，在 Bluesky (bksy.social) 社交媒体平台上，主要在做以下几件事：
分享他对 AI 工具的看法和使用原则：
- 他明确表示自己避免使用 AI 进行科学研究摘要，因为他认为无法在不阅读原文的情况下验证摘要的准确性，并且 AI 可能会产生“幻觉”（hallucinate，即编造事实）。
- 他喜欢用 AI 工具来快速生成草稿输出，但他会通过其他可靠的方法来验证和修改这些草稿。
- 这表明他对 AI 抱持着谨慎、务实的态度，强调验证和批判性思维。
积极关注和推广 Zed 代码编辑器：
- Richard Feldman 频繁转发和评论关于 Zed 代码编辑器 的帖子。
- 他似乎是 Zed 的一个忠实用户或支持者，甚至转发了自己演示 Zed 某个功能（“agentic editing”）的评论，并且有播客节目提到他帮忙设置了 Zed 创始人的采访。
- Zed 强调自己是“世界最快的 AI 代码编辑器”，用 Rust 从头开发，不是 VS Code 的分支，专注于人与 AI 的协作。Richard Feldman 的转发和评论都在强调 Zed 的这些特点。
与其他技术圈知名人士互动：
- 他的关注者和被关注者列表中，出现了 Andreas Kling (SerenityOS 和 Ladybird 浏览器创始人) 和 Jarred Sumner (Bun 运行时创始人) 等技术圈的知名人物，这显示他在开发者社区中有一定的影响力。
- 他转发了 Andreas Kling 关于 GitHub PR 质量的有趣评论，也体现了他对软件开发最佳实践的关注。
总结来说，Richard Feldman 在 Bluesky 上是一位活跃的开发者和技术评论者，他：
- 对 AI 工具持务实且批判的态度，强调验证和人类的判断力。
- 是 Zed 代码编辑器的强烈支持者和推广者，尤其关注其性能和 AI 集成能力。
- 在技术社区中拥有一定的知名度和人脉，与其他开发者交流和分享观点。
User
提到了GPUI
Cursor
好的，你注意到了！在 Richard Feldman 的 Bluesky 动态中，确实提到了 GPUI。
GPUI 在 Zed 编辑器的语境中是一个非常重要的概念，它是 Zed 编辑器底层 UI 框架的名称。
来看相关的几条推文：
Jason Lee (@huacnlee) 在 5 月 7 日的帖子：
🚀 A beta of Longbridge's new desktop application, built with Rust + GPUI, is now live! https://longbridge.com/desktop/ Blazing fast. Ultra smooth, GPUI is impressive. @zeddotdev 👏- 含义： 这条推文宣布了一个名为
Longbridge的新桌面应用程序的测试版已经上线，并且明确指出它是使用 Rust + GPUI 构建的。发帖人赞叹“Blazing fast. Ultra smooth, GPUI is impressive.”（极其快速。超流畅，GPUI 令人印象深刻。），并提及了@zeddotdev，暗示 GPUI 是 Zed 团队的技术。
- 含义： 这条推文宣布了一个名为
Mikayla (@radgendervibes) 在 5 月 8 日的帖子：
It’s been a treat working with Jason at making GPUI usable for other applications. Check out the first non-Zed, non-hobby app on our framework!- 含义： 这条推文由 Zed 团队的成员发出，确认了
Longbridge是第一个**“非 Zed、非爱好”的应用程序，它使用了 Zed 团队开发的 GPUI 框架。这说明 GPUI 不仅仅是 Zed 内部使用的技术，他们正在努力使其通用化**，以便其他开发者也能用它来构建应用程序。
- 含义： 这条推文由 Zed 团队的成员发出，确认了
GPUI 的含义和重要性：
- GPUI = GPU-accelerated User Interface (GPU 加速用户界面)：这个缩写本身就说明了它的核心技术理念。
- Rust 语言编写： GPUI 是用 Rust 语言从头编写的。
- 高性能和流畅性： 它的设计目标是利用 GPU 的强大计算能力来直接渲染 UI，从而实现“如视频游戏般”的响应速度和流畅的动画效果。这与传统 UI 框架（如基于操作系统的原生 UI 控件或 Electron 的 Web 渲染引擎）的工作方式不同，后者可能会引入更多的抽象层和性能开销。
- Zed 的核心： GPUI 是 Zed 编辑器实现其“世界最快 AI 代码编辑器”目标的关键技术之一。
- 通用化趋势： 从 Mikayla 的推文可以看出，Zed 团队希望 GPUI 能够被其他应用程序开发者采纳和使用，成为 Rust 生态中一个高性能的 UI 框架。
Longbridge就是第一个公开的非 Zed 应用实例。
简而言之，GPUI 是 Zed 编辑器背后一个高性能、基于 Rust 和 GPU 加速的 UI 框架，Zed 团队正在努力将其推广为通用的桌面应用开发工具。
🚀 A beta of Longbridge's new desktop application, built with Rust + GPUI, is now live!
https://longbridge.com/desktop/
Blazing fast. Ultra smooth, GPUI is impressive. @zeddotdev 👏
It’s been a treat working with Jason at making GPUI usable for other applications. Check out the first non-Zed, non-hobby app on our framework!
User
ctrl b可以让chrome来回跳两个tab，还有其他哪些有用的快捷键和技巧
Cursor
你提到 Ctrl + B 可以让 Chrome 来回跳两个标签页，这可能是一个小小的误解或特定设置。在标准的 Chrome 快捷键中：
Ctrl + B(或Cmd + B在 macOS) 通常用于显示或隐藏书签栏。
而能在两个标签页之间快速切换的，最常见和最有用的快捷键是：
Ctrl + Tab(或Cmd + Option + Right Arrow在 macOS): 按顺序切换到下一个标签页。Ctrl + Shift + Tab(或Cmd + Option + Left Arrow在 macOS): 按顺序切换到上一个标签页。Ctrl + Number(例如Ctrl + 1,Ctrl + 2, …,Ctrl + 9): 直接切换到对应数字的标签页 (例如Ctrl + 1切换到第一个标签页，Ctrl + 9切换到最后一个标签页，不论总数)。
这组快捷键可以让你高效地在不同标签页之间跳转。
其他有用的 Chrome 快捷键和技巧：
快捷键 (Keyboard Shortcuts):
标签页管理 (Tab Management):
Ctrl + T(Cmd + T): 打开新标签页。Ctrl + W(Cmd + W): 关闭当前标签页。Ctrl + Shift + T(Cmd + Shift + T): 重新打开最近关闭的标签页（可以多次按，恢复多个）。Ctrl + N(Cmd + N): 打开新窗口。Ctrl + Shift + N(Cmd + Shift + N): 打开新的无痕模式窗口。Ctrl + Click(Cmd + Click): 在新标签页中打开链接（不切换到新标签页）。Ctrl + Shift + Click(Cmd + Shift + Click): 在新标签页中打开链接并立即切换到新标签页。- 中键点击链接 (Middle-click on a link): 在新标签页中打开链接（不切换到新标签页）。
Ctrl + PageUp / Ctrl + PageDown(或Ctrl + Shift + [ / Ctrl + Shift + ]): 在标签页之间左右切换。
浏览和导航 (Browsing & Navigation):
Alt + Left Arrow(Cmd + Left Arrow): 返回上一页。Alt + Right Arrow(Cmd + Right Arrow): 前进下一页。F5(Cmd + R): 刷新页面。Ctrl + F5(Cmd + Shift + R) /Ctrl + Shift + R(Cmd + Shift + R): 硬刷新页面（清除缓存并刷新）。Esc: 停止页面加载。Home: 滚动到页面顶部。End: 滚动到页面底部。Spacebar/Page Down: 向下滚动一屏。Shift + Spacebar/Page Up: 向上滚动一屏。Ctrl + L(Cmd + L) /Alt + D: 选中地址栏，方便输入或复制 URL。Ctrl + K(Cmd + K) /Ctrl + E(Cmd + E): 选中地址栏并输入搜索内容。
查找和搜索 (Find & Search):
Ctrl + F(Cmd + F): 在当前页面中查找。Ctrl + G(Cmd + G): 查找下一个匹配项。Ctrl + Shift + G(Cmd + Shift + G): 查找上一个匹配项。
缩放 (Zoom):
Ctrl + +(Cmd + +): 放大页面。Ctrl + -(Cmd + -): 缩小页面。Ctrl + 0(Cmd + 0): 重置页面缩放比例到 100%。
窗口管理 (Window Management):
Ctrl + Shift + B(Cmd + Shift + B): 显示或隐藏书签栏。Ctrl + J(Cmd + J): 打开下载内容页。Ctrl + H(Cmd + Y): 打开历史记录页。Ctrl + Shift + I(Cmd + Option + I) /F12: 打开或关闭开发者工具。
实用技巧 (Useful Tips & Tricks):
固定标签页 (Pin Tabs):
- 右键点击任何标签页，选择 “固定”。
- 固定后的标签页会变得很小，只显示网站图标，并且会常驻在标签页栏的左侧，即使关闭 Chrome 也会在下次打开时自动恢复。非常适合常用网站（如邮箱、日历、社交媒体）。
标签页组 (Tab Groups):
- 右键点击一个标签页，选择 “将标签页添加到新组” 或 “将标签页添加到组”。
- 你可以为组命名并选择颜色。这有助于组织大量标签页，提高工作效率。点击组名可以展开或折叠组内的标签页。
自定义搜索引擎 (Custom Search Engines):
- 在 Chrome 设置中搜索 “搜索引擎”。
- 你可以添加任何网站作为自定义搜索引擎。例如，输入
wiki并在地址栏中按Tab键，然后输入你的搜索词，就可以直接在维基百科中搜索。
发送到你的设备 (Send to Your Devices):
- 右键点击当前页面，选择 “发送到你的设备”。
- 你可以将当前浏览的页面发送到你已登录相同 Google 账户的其他 Chrome 浏览器（在手机、平板或另一台电脑上），非常方便跨设备协作。
Chrome 任务管理器 (Chrome Task Manager):
- 按
Shift + Esc(在 Windows 上) 或通过菜单更多工具 > 任务管理器。 - 这会显示 Chrome 浏览器中所有正在运行的进程（包括每个标签页、扩展程序等）的 CPU、内存和网络使用情况。当 Chrome 变慢时，可以用来找出是哪个标签页或扩展在消耗大量资源。
- 按
配置文件 (Profiles):
- 如果你有多个 Google 账户（如工作和个人），可以使用 Chrome 配置文件将它们完全分开。
- 每个配置文件有独立的书签、历史记录、扩展程序和登录信息。点击右上角的用户头像即可管理。
扩展程序 (Extensions):
- Chrome 网上应用店有海量的扩展程序，可以极大地增强浏览器功能，例如广告拦截、密码管理、翻译、笔记工具等。但要注意，安装过多或质量不佳的扩展可能会影响浏览器性能。
希望这些快捷键和技巧能帮助你更高效地使用 Chrome！
User
mattzeunert.com @mattzeunert.com · 8 分钟前 I thought the browser console was simple… I was wrong 🤯
It’s actually packed with hidden features:
🖼️ Logging images ✨ AI explanations 🥹 Logging tables 🔧 Console utilities ($0, $_, …) 🔎 Advanced filters 🔥 Live expressions
New article below!
www.debugbear.com/blog/chrome-…
How To Use The Browser Console: An In-Depth Guide | DebugBear The Console tab in Chrome DevTools is extremely feature-packed! Learn how to get started and explore its more advanced features. www.debugbear.com
由 Scott Tolinski 转发
Oli @oli.dev · 1 小时前 #JSNation wazzzzzup? @tolin.ski
@philna.sh
@dawntraoz.bsky.social
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由 Scott Tolinski 转发
Floor Drees 🌈 Happy Pride @floord.bsky.social · 1 小时前 Looking forward to a great event with fellow #jsnation MCs @tolin.ski
@philna.sh & @dawntraoz.bsky.social
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Jhey ʕ·ᴥ· ʔ @jhey.dev · 5 天前 this was my last week at Vercel ▲
it’s been great – super excited for what’s next
┬┴┬┴┤•ᴥ•ʔ├┬┴┬┴ polaroid snap of Jhey and Vercelians at company offsite laid on a table ALT
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David Darnes @darn.es · 12 分钟前 Looking forward to what you’re up to next mate!
David Darnes @darn.es · 22 分钟前 I feel like Apple surely can’t keep going with the iPhone naming increments. “iPhone 17”?? Will we see them this year drop the number? Or maybe switch to the year like all their OSes?
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Manuel Matuzović @matuzo.at · 18 分钟前 First I wanna see proposal for the xiPhone 2.0.
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David Darnes @darn.es · 15 分钟前 iPhone 2¹⁷
Ana Tudor @anatudor.bsky.social · 15 分钟前 Current status: finding a grave on Google Maps. To my surprise, you can.
(Away this week. To a place where I haven’t been in over 25 years. Looking for a grave, among others.)
Marcus Noble @averagemarcus.bsky.social · 19 分钟前 Oh hey look!
Want to come take over my job?
Want to work with some increadible people?
This job is 🔥hot🔥
Happy to chat about it if anyone wants.
Giant Swarm @giantswarm.io · 33 分钟前 🔧 We’re looking for a Platform Engineer to join our remote team!
Building cloud native platforms with Kubernetes and GitOps is challenging work, but someone’s got to keep the clusters happy 😅
giant-swarm.jobs.personio.de/job/166734?d…
Platform Engineer - (100% remote) | Jobs at Giant Swarm Every new team member changes the team. We love to learn from each other and we are looking for people who know things we don’t. Becoming part of Giant Swarm means that, by extension, you also become … giant-swarm.jobs.personio.de
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Jen Simmons @jensimmons.bsky.social · 12 小时前 Now that you’ve seen what’s coming in Safari 26… web designers & developers, what do you need most to come next? If you were setting the priorities for what happens, what would you put at the top of the list?
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Rik Schennink @rikschennink.com · 3 小时前 AudioDecoder API, aka full WebCodecs support.
caniuse.com/mdn-api_audi… AudioDecoder API | Can I use… Support tables for HTML5, CSS3, etc caniuse.com
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Luke @lukewarlow.dev · 22 分钟前 Good news, that’s in Safari 26
pngwn @pngwn.at · 1 小时前 I am blocked by over 1000 people on bluesky, mostly due to AI blocklists.
I fully respect the right of anyone to curate their feed but I fear that this kind of blanket withdrawal from all AI discourse is counter productive.
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Michael Shilman @shilman.net · 36 分钟前 回复 pngwn Good take. There’s a lot to hate about AI and the hype surrounding it. Putting your fingers in your ears might make you less triggered, but it won’t make the trend go away.
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pngwn @pngwn.at · 24 分钟前 But also: bsky.app/profile/pngw…
pngwn @pngwn.at · 24 分钟前 But just to play devils advocate with myself here, I think there is work for me to do too.
I need to show (not tell) that there are alternative approaches. While i can’t influence large labs alone, i can demonstrate a path that prioritises agency, privacy, and consent.
由 David Darnes 转发
Elly Loel @elly.lol · 2 小时前 facts 🗣️🗣️🗣️ say it louder for the mfers in the back “Men really be out here inventing entire Javascript frameworks so they don’t have to learn CSS & HTML.” ALT
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由 Ana Tudor 转发
Stuart Robson @sturobson.com · 17 小时前 exciting - a “proper” way to style the in between of your gaps.
(deletes 2016 draft post on how I did this)
Penny @digitaltransient.bsky.social · 18 小时前 Say goodbye to border and pseudo-element hacks, and hello to CSS gap decorations!
developer.chrome.com/blog/gap-dec…
A new way to style gaps in CSS | Blog | Chrome for Developers Say goodbye to border and pseudo-element hacks. developer.chrome.com
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pngwn @pngwn.at · 24 分钟前 But just to play devils advocate with myself here, I think there is work for me to do too.
I need to show (not tell) that there are alternative approaches. While i can’t influence large labs alone, i can demonstrate a path that prioritises agency, privacy, and consent.
pngwn @pngwn.at · 1 小时前 I am blocked by over 1000 people on bluesky, mostly due to AI blocklists.
I fully respect the right of anyone to curate their feed but I fear that this kind of blanket withdrawal from all AI discourse is counter productive.
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pngwn @pngwn.at · 24 分钟前 I need to do better too, and perhaps first.
It isn’t my ‘fault’ but I can make it my responsibility if I want to.
arxiv cs.CL @arxiv-cs-cl.bsky.social · 25 分钟前 Ziyang Cai, Nayoung Lee, Avi Schwarzschild, Samet Oymak, Dimitris Papailiopoulos Extrapolation by Association: Length Generalization Transfer in Transformers arxiv.org/abs/2506.09251
arxiv cs.CL @arxiv-cs-cl.bsky.social · 25 分钟前 Zhuofang Li (Andrea), Rafal Kocielnik (Andrea), Fereshteh Soltani (Andrea), Penphob (Andrea), Boonyarungsrit, Animashree Anandkumar, R. Michael Alvarez Self-Anchored Attention Model for Sample-Efficient Classification of Prosocial Text Chat arxiv.org/abs/2506.09259
arxiv cs.CL @arxiv-cs-cl.bsky.social · 26 分钟前 Milan Bhan, Jean-Noel Vittaut, Nicolas Chesneau, Sarath Chandar, Marie-Jeanne Lesot Did I Faithfully Say What I Thought? Bridging the Gap Between Neural Activity and Self-Explanations in Large Language Models arxiv.org/abs/2506.09277
arxiv cs.CL @arxiv-cs-cl.bsky.social · 27 分钟前 Cesare Spinoso-Di Piano, David Austin, Pablo Piantanida, Jackie Chi Kit Cheung $(RSA)^2$: A Rhetorical-Strategy-Aware Rational Speech Act Framework for Figurative Language Understanding arxiv.org/abs/2506.09301
arxiv cs.CL @arxiv-cs-cl.bsky.social · 27 分钟前 Yao Xiao, Heidi Christensen, Stefan Goetze Alzheimer’s Dementia Detection Using Perplexity from Paired Large Language Models arxiv.org/abs/2506.09315
arxiv cs.CL @arxiv-cs-cl.bsky.social · 28 分钟前 Yuxin Jiang Towards Efficient and Effective Alignment of Large Language Models arxiv.org/abs/2506.09329
SurrealDB @surrealdb.com · 32 分钟前 SurrealQL, our database query language, has HTTP functions that allow direct retrieval and insertion of JSON data from an API, all in one query.
Read our docs to learn more. 👉 sdb.li/3HxywjX SurrealDB: Insert data directly from an API ALT
Juri @juri.dev · 35 分钟前 What are some really good documentation websites of open source projects that are made with Astro Starlight?
arxiv cs.CL @arxiv-cs-cl.bsky.social · 36 分钟前 Arjun Vaithilingam Sudhakar Multi-Agent Language Models: Advancing Cooperation, Coordination, and Adaptation arxiv.org/abs/2506.09331
dan @danabra.mov · 3 天前 reading this thread, perplexed by very few mentions of React Compiler. are people just not using it? at Bluesky, from what i recall, we more or less stopped worrying about re-renders after dropping it in.
From the reactjs community on Reddit Explore this post and more from the reactjs community www.reddit.com
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tyler @tylur.dev · 6 小时前 回复 Alex / KATT 🐱 I have an (unfortunately not open source) app that uses @trpc/react-query and the compiler. Haven’t noticed any issues, but maybe some things just auto de-opt?
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Alex / KATT 🐱 @katt.dev · 36 分钟前 I haven’t tried, but awesome that it works! I was pretty sure it didn’t
arxiv cs.CL @arxiv-cs-cl.bsky.social · 36 分钟前 Siheng Li, Zhanhui Zhou, Wai Lam, Chao Yang, Chaochao Lu RePO: Replay-Enhanced Policy Optimization arxiv.org/abs/2506.09340
jeremyrickard.com @jeremyrickard.com · 2 小时前 Bloc Partywas good.
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Karen Chu @karenchu.online · 37 分钟前 Yesssss I’m going on Saturday!!! 😍
arxiv cs.CL @arxiv-cs-cl.bsky.social · 37 分钟前 Sushant Mehta, Raj Dandekar, Rajat Dandekar, Sreedath Panat Latent Multi-Head Attention for Small Language Models arxiv.org/abs/2506.09342
arxiv cs.CL @arxiv-cs-cl.bsky.social · 37 分钟前 Chao-Hong Tan, Qian Chen, Wen Wang, Chong Deng, Qinglin Zhang, Luyao Cheng, Hai Yu, Xin Zhang, Xiang Lv, Tianyu Zhao, Chong Zhang, … OmniDRCA: Parallel Speech-Text Foundation Model via Dual-Resolution Speech Representations and Contrastive Alignment arxiv.org/abs/2506.09349
arxiv cs.CL @arxiv-cs-cl.bsky.social · 38 分钟前 Yuchen Feng, Bowen Shen, Naibin Gu, Jiaxuan Zhao, Peng Fu, Zheng Lin, Weiping Wang DIVE into MoE: Diversity-Enhanced Reconstruction of Large Language Models from Dense into Mixture-of-Experts arxiv.org/abs/2506.09351
arxiv cs.CL @arxiv-cs-cl.bsky.social · 38 分钟前 Qingyun Zeng, Simin Ma, Arash Niknafs, Ashish Basran, Carol Szabo Taming SQL Complexity: LLM-Based Equivalence Evaluation for Text-to-SQL arxiv.org/abs/2506.09359
meetingcpp.bsky.social @meetingcpp.bsky.social · 41 分钟前 Meson 1.8.2 released github.com/mesonbuild/m… #cpp #cplusplus
Release 1.8.2 · mesonbuild/meson github.com
Sy Brand @tartanllama.xyz · 42 分钟前 👀 this is a very cool topic, will definitely be watching this
ACM Education and Learning Center @acmeducation.bsky.social · 8 天前 26 June, join @felienne.bsky.social (@vuamsterdam.bsky.social), creator of #Hedy & author of “The Programmer’s Brain” (@manningbooks.bsky.social) for the #ACMTechTalk “Programming for All: A Feminist Case for Language Design.” @markguzdial.bsky.social will moderate.
Register: bit.ly/3Z8F4LO Felienne Hermans photo ALT
Barry Pollard @tunetheweb.com · 42 分钟前 I’ve talked at a lot of conferences — some small, some big (like Google I/O!) but wow, #JSNation is gonna be intimidating! MASSIVE crowd at JSNation 2025 watching the opening talk by Sasha Greif ALT
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Redowan Delowar @rednafi.com · 43 分钟前 Frequent listener of the show, so it came as a nice surprise when a coworker sent me this.
Cupofgo featured my writeup, “You probably don’t need a DI framework.” Glad it resonated with the hosts too.
Episode [16:01]: cupogo.dev/episodes/go-…
Writeup: rednafi.com/go/di_framew…
Cup o’ Go | 🚫 Go team says no, what is HTTP error 407, and do you need DI frameworks Go 1.24.4 and 1.23.10 releasedCommit 4d1c255: net/http: strip sensitive proxy headers from redirect requests🚫 [ On | No ] syntactic support for error handling by Robert Griesemer💉 You probably don’… cupogo.dev
由 Stuart Robson 转发
Nash @radiodeadair.com · 1 天前 Deep Blue is 30 years old and was capable of defeating chess grand champions. It could be housed in a single cabinet.
ChatGPT spans untold data centers devouring massive amounts of electricity and it got its ass whipped by an 8 bit gaming console from the 1970s.
ChatGPT Lost a Chess Game to an Atari 2600 And on the ‘Beginner’ difficulty level, too. www.extremetech.com
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Andy Bell @bell.bz · 1 小时前 the wurzels
C. Robert Cargill @crobertcargill.bsky.social · 14 小时前 I love how certain cities hold their most iconic musicians as patron saints and part of the city’s identity. Minneapolis has Prince. We in Austin Have Willy. New Orleans has Dr. John.
Genuinely curious: Who is your city’s musical patron saint?
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Stuart Robson @sturobson.com · 48 分钟前 I see your The Wurzels, and raise you The Yetties. an ‘album cover’ of A Proper Job by The Yetties featuring 3 men dressed in 1970s UK fashion of mustard, brown, and red. ALT
Phoronix @phoronix-poster.bsky.social · 50 分钟前 Platform Profile Power/Performance Impact For ThinkPad T14s G6 + AMD Ryzen AI 7 PRO 360 - www.phoronix.com/news/Platfor… Platform Profile Power/Performance Impact For ThinkPad T14s G6 + AMD Ryzen AI 7 PRO 360 Back in April I published Linux benchmarks of the Lenovo ThinkPad T14s Gen 6 with the AMD Ryzen AI 7 PRO 360 SoC. Some follow-up benchmarks I did back then that I have been meaning to publish is looking at the ACPI Platform Profile impact on performance and power for this ThinkPad laptop under Linux. Here are those numbers… www.phoronix.com
由 Hana Dus�kov� 🏳️🌈 转发
MsPraxis @mspraxis.bsky.social · 4 小时前 Lego cat 😂 #CatsOfBlueSky A Lego version of a tuxedo cat with one leg raised up and a tiny little pink tongue out, making it look like it’s licking its nethers 😂 ALT
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Clément Canonne @ccanonne.github.io · 59 分钟前 At the risk of sounding cheesy* I feel privileged to be surrounded by such a group of supportive, warm, and fun people. I moved across continents to join USyd and @sydneycompsci.bsky.social , and Joachim (and the whole School!) made it so worth it.
*I’m French though, sue me
Clément Canonne @ccanonne.github.io · 2 小时前 Celebrating our Head of School (now stepping down), the one and only Joachim Gudmundsson, for his years making @sydneycompsci.bsky.social a stronger, better, excellent and so-nice-to-work-in place. You embody collegiality, approachability, and the fact that, yes, some good people do play golf, too. A photo of Joachim ALT
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Luna (they/she) @lunalapine.com · 59 分钟前 my birthstone is a liquid core d20
joemag @joemag.games · 3 小时前 my birthstone is a big cpu wafer like they used to show in the old intel ads
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arxiv cs.CL @arxiv-cs-cl.bsky.social · 1 小时前 Zhengyuan Liu, Stella Xin Yin, Dion Hoe-Lian Goh, Nancy F. Chen COGENT: A Curriculum-oriented Framework for Generating Grade-appropriate Educational Content arxiv.org/abs/2506.09367
Mego Tan @tannal.github.io 主页 探索 通知 私信 动态源 列表 个人资料 设置
新帖文 搜索 Discover Following 更多动态源 热门
NBA Finals Mahmoud Khalil Gavin Newsom Los Angeles Protests Brian Wilson Gibraltar Agreement 反馈 • 隐私 • 条款 • 帮助
看看这个？
Cursor
这是一段来自 Bluesky 社交媒体平台的时间线内容，涵盖了技术、日常观察、招聘、音乐等多个话题。以下是一些主要讨论点：
浏览器开发者控制台的“隐藏功能”：
mattzeunert.com分享了一篇关于 Chrome 开发者工具 Console Tab 的深入指南。- 他提到 Console 不像看上去那么简单，包含了许多“隐藏功能”，如记录图片、AI 解释、表格日志、控制台工具（
$0,$_等）、高级过滤器和实时表达式。
JS Nation 大会：
Oli和Floor Drees都在讨论和期待 #JSNation 这个 JavaScript 大会，并提到了几位似乎是大会 MC 或演讲者的名字。
Jhey 离开 Vercel：
Jhey发布消息称他已离开 Vercel，并表示对下一步感到兴奋。David Darnes对此表示期待。
iPhone 命名讨论：
David Darnes提出了一个关于 iPhone 命名方式的思考，他觉得“iPhone 17”这样的数字增长模式可能无法持续，猜测苹果可能会像其操作系统那样改为年份命名，或者直接去掉数字。Manuel Matuzović幽默地回应想要看到“xiPhone 2.0”的提案。
寻找坟墓（意外的发现）：
Ana Tudor分享了一个意外的发现，即可以在 Google Maps 上找到坟墓，并透露自己本周在寻找一个 25 年未见的坟墓。
招聘信息：
Marcus Noble转发了Giant Swarm的招聘信息，寻找一名远程的平台工程师（Platform Engineer），岗位描述强调了 Kubernetes 和 GitOps。
Safari 浏览器的新特性讨论：
Jen Simmons询问 Web 设计师和开发者，在 Safari 26 即将推出的新特性后，他们最需要哪些功能。Rik Schennink提到了 AudioDecoder API（WebCodecs 的完全支持），Luke确认这已在 Safari 26 中。
关于 AI 阻止列表和 AI 讨论：
pngwn提到自己因为 AI 阻止列表而在 Bluesky 上被超过 1000 人阻止。- 他认为这种完全回避 AI 讨论的做法是“反生产的”（counter productive），尽管尊重个人管理 feed 的权利。
Michael Shilman赞同此观点，认为对 AI 视而不见并不能让趋势消失。pngwn也反思自己，认为需要通过“展示而非告知”的方式，来证明优先考虑能动性（agency）、隐私和同意的替代性 AI 方法是可行的。
JavaScript 框架与 CSS/HTML：
Elly Loel转发了一个带有图片和文字的帖子，文字内容是“男人真的会为了不用学 CSS 和 HTML 而发明一整个 JavaScript 框架。”这是一个常见的关于前端开发过度工程化的幽默梗。
CSS Gap Decorations：
Stuart Robson转发了Penny关于 CSSgap属性新特性的帖子，新的 Gap Decorations 功能允许更好地样式化网格布局中的间隙。
ArXiv 上的最新 AI/NLP 论文：
arxiv cs.CL这个账号持续发布了多篇最新的计算机科学（计算语言学领域）的 ArXiv 论文，包括：- Transformer 的长度泛化转移。
- 用于高效分类亲社会文本聊天的自锚定注意力模型。
- 弥合神经网络活动与大语言模型自解释之间差距的研究。
- 用于理解比喻语言的修辞策略感知理性言语行为框架。
- 使用配对大语言模型的困惑度检测阿尔茨海默病。
- 大语言模型高效对齐。
- 多智能体语言模型中的合作、协调和适应。
- 强化学习中的回放增强策略优化。
- 小语言模型的潜在多头注意力。
- 通过双分辨率语音表示和对比对齐的并行语音-文本基础模型。
- 将大语言模型从稠密模型重构为专家混合模型。
- 通过 LLM 进行文本到 SQL 的等价评估。
SurrealDB 的 HTTP 函数：
SurrealDB推广其查询语言 SurrealQL 中的 HTTP 函数，允许直接从 API 获取和插入 JSON 数据。
Astro Starlight 文档网站：
Juri询问有哪些使用 Astro Starlight 构建的优秀开源项目文档网站。
React Compiler 讨论：
danabra.mov对 React 社区很少提及 React Compiler 感到困惑，并表示在 Bluesky 内部使用它后，基本不再担心重新渲染问题。tyler和Alex / KATT讨论了其与@trpc/react-query的兼容性。
Meson 构建系统发布：
meetingcpp.bsky.social宣布 Meson 1.8.2 版本发布。
编程语言设计讲座：
ACM Education and Learning Center预告了关于“编程为所有人：语言设计的女性主义案例”的讲座。
JSNation 大会规模：
Barry Pollard提到 JSNation 的观众规模巨大，让他感到“令人生畏”。
Go 语言和 DI 框架：
Redowan Delowar分享了他关于“你可能不需要 DI 框架”的 Go 语言文章被播客引用的消息。
ChatGPT 与 Atari 2600 象棋比赛：
Nash转发了一篇关于 ChatGPT 输给 Atari 2600 象棋游戏（在“初学者”难度）的报道，并对比了 Deep Blue 与 ChatGPT 的计算能力和资源消耗，以此讽刺现代 AI 的某些方面。
音乐和地方认同：
C. Robert Cargill询问大家所在城市的“音乐守护神”是谁，引发了关于音乐人和城市身份的讨论。
硬件性能测试：
Phoronix分享了关于 ThinkPad T14s G6 (AMD Ryzen AI 7 PRO 360) 在 Linux 下的功耗/性能影响的测试报告。
大学和学院的动态：
Clément Canonne分享了关于悉尼大学计算机学院领导变动的消息，并感谢同事和学校的支持。
个性化的“诞生石”：
Luna和joemag幽默地定义了自己“技术宅”的诞生石，例如“液体核心 d20”和“大 CPU 晶圆”。
总的来说，这是一个充满活力和技术洞察力的讨论区，内容涵盖了 Web 开发、AI、软件工程、硬件、学术研究以及一些轻松的文化和个人观察。
User
window.onerror = function(err){ alert(JSON.stringify(err)) try { ga(“send”, “event”, “UK Employment Map Error”, JSON.stringify(err)) } catch (err){
}
}
Math.log10 = Math.log10 || function(x) { return Math.log(x) * Math.LOG10E; };
if (isMobile()) { $(“body”).addClass(“isMobile”) }
var AppState = Backbone.Model.extend({ toggleSelectedRegion: function(region){ var selectedRegion = this.get(“selectedRegion”) if (selectedRegion === region) { this.set(“selectedRegion”, null) } else { this.set(“selectedRegion”, region) } } }) var appState = new AppState();
var lastTrackedIndustry = null; var lastTrackedRegion = null;
function getUrlName(str){ str = str.replace(/ /g, “-”).toLowerCase().replace(/[^a-z-]/g, “”) if (str.length > 30) { var parts = str.split(”-") str = "" while (str.length < 30) { str += parts.shift() + “-” } str = str.slice(0, -1) } return str }
appState.on(“change:selectedRegion change:selectedSector”, function(){
updateHash()
gaTrack()
}) function updateHash(){ var region =appState.get(“selectedRegion”) var industry =appState.get(“selectedSector”)
if (!industry || !region) {
// close enough i think...
return
}
industry = getUrlName(industry)
region = getUrlName(region)
if (!location.replace) { return }
location.replace("#" + region + "/" + industry)
} var gaTrack = _.debounce(function(){ var region =appState.get(“selectedRegion”) var industry =appState.get(“selectedSector”)
if (lastTrackedRegion !== region || lastTrackedIndustry !== industry) {
ga("send", "event", "Selection", region + " / " + industry)
}
if (lastTrackedRegion !== region){
ga("send", "event", "Select Region", region)
lastTrackedRegion = region
}
if (lastTrackedIndustry !== industry){
ga("send", "event", "Select Industry", industry)
lastTrackedIndustry = industry
}
}, 100);
var labelPositions = { “Yorkshire and The Humber”: [-1.1475164145546082, 53.880169257397405], “East of England”: [0.3943214161556234, 52.30157930650532], “West Midlands”: [-2.296005337711604, 52.42010043668663], “East Midlands”: [-0.7987427777038331, 53.03152296115058], “Northern Ireland”: [-6.387374305551321, 54.6312020326397], “South East”: [-0.20537731500416379, 50.988245863700065], “South West”: [-3.340470554508402, 50.83294840539262], “North West”: [-2.893168805722688, 54.3874519215814], “North East”: [-1.7075420690222852, 54.78145557801282] , “London”: [.4187208853255218, 51.699665795665885] , “Scotland”: [-4.1552595096291745, 56.75917735545383], “Wales”: [-3.7787190954890737, 51.96123618270484] }
var defaultGray = “#999”
var industryGroups;
function loadGroupNames(callback){ d3.json(“group-names.json”, function(data){ industryGroups = data callback(); }) }
function loadMapData(callback){ d3.json(“uk2-simplified.json”, function(error, area) { window.mapData = area; callback(); }) }
function updateSizesBasedOnScreen(){ window.width = 500; window.height = 600;
window.scale = 3600;
var windowWidth = $(window).width()
if (windowWidth < 1024 && windowWidth > 600){
window.width = Math.round(width - (1024 - windowWidth) / 2);
window.scale = Math.round(window.scale * (windowWidth / 1024)) - 200
window.height = height * (windowWidth / 1024)
} else if (windowWidth < 1024 && windowWidth <= 600) {
window.width = Math.min(400, windowWidth)
window.height = 220
window.scale = 1300
}
window.projection = d3.geo.albers()
.center([2, 54.65])
.rotate([4.4, 0])
.parallels([50, 60])
.scale(window.scale)
.translate([window.width / 2, window.height / 2]);
}
loadMapData(function(){ initMap() checkIfReady(); }) loadEmploymentData(checkIfReady) loadGroupNames(checkIfReady)
function checkIfReady(){ // console.trace(“checkIfReady”, window.mapData, window.employeeData, window.industryGroups) if (window.mapData && window.employeeData && window.industryGroups) { initMap()
selectRandomSectors();
var initialRegion = "London"
var initialSector = "Activities of head offices; management consultancy activities"
var hash = _.escape(location.hash).replace("#", "");
if (hash && hash.indexOf("/") !== -1) {
var parts = hash.split("/")
initialRegion = _.find(regions, function(region){
return getUrlName(region) === parts[0]
})
initialSector = _.find(ukSectorsByName, function(sector){
return getUrlName(sector.sector) === parts[1]
}).sector
}
appState.set("selectedRegion", initialRegion)
appState.set("selectedSector", initialSector)
appState.on("change:randomSectors", function(){
updateDisplayedRegion();
})
}
}
function initMap(){ updateSizesBasedOnScreen(); $("#map").empty(); $(".left").width(width) window.svg = d3.select("#map").append(“svg”) .attr(“width”, width) .attr(“height”, height) drawMap() initRegionLabels(); }
$(window).on(“resize”, onResize)
var widthOnLastResize = $(window).width() function onResize(){ if (widthOnLastResize === $(window).width()) { // ignore height only resizes, probalby just means the user scrolled and // the mobile top bar disappeared return; } widthOnLastResize = $(window).width()
initMap()
if (isMobile){
appState.set("previewRegion", null)
appState.set("previewedSector", null)
}
updateAfterRegionSelected()
updateSectorHighlight();
}
var employeeData; var ukSectorsByName;
function loadEmploymentData(callback) { d3.json(“employees3.json”, function(data){ var ukData = data[“United Kingdom”] var regionNames = _.keys(data) var regionData = _.values(data)
regionData.forEach(function(sectors, i){
var totalEmployees = 0;
sectors.forEach(function(sector){
totalEmployees += sector.employees
})
sectors.forEach(function(sector){
sector.percentage = Math.round(sector.employees / totalEmployees * 100 * 10) / 10;
})
})
regionData.forEach(function(sectors){
sectors.forEach(function(sector){
var ukSector = _(ukData).find({sic2: sector.sic2})
var specialness = null;
// I want to find the most extreme differences across the UK, but
// naturally that would skew towards small sectors (e.g. .5% vs 2%)
// rather than large sectors (e.g. 6 vs 10%)
// So require at least one percentage point difference, and multiply specialness by sqrt of value
var isMeaningFul = (sector.percentage > 1 || ukSector.percentage > 1) && Math.abs(sector.percentage - ukSector.percentage) > .5
var isFarBigger = (sector.percentage / ukSector.percentage) > 2.25 && sector.percentage > 1
var isFarFarBigger = (sector.percentage / ukSector.percentage) > 4 && sector.percentage > .5
var isSmallDifference;
var smallDifferenceThreshold = 1.15 // deemphasize stuff like 9.8 vs 10
var sign = sector.percentage > ukSector.percentage ? 1 : -1;
if (sector.percentage > ukSector.percentage) {
specialness = sector.percentage / Math.max(ukSector.percentage, .1) * Math.log10(sector.percentage * 10)
isSmallDifference = sector.percentage / ukSector.percentage < smallDifferenceThreshold
} else {
specialness = -1 * ukSector.percentage / Math.max(sector.percentage, .1) * Math.log10(ukSector.percentage * 10)
isSmallDifference = ukSector.percentage / sector.percentage < smallDifferenceThreshold
}
if (isMeaningFul) {
specialness *= 1000;
}
if (isFarBigger) {
specialness *= 1000000
}
if (isFarFarBigger) {
specialness *= 1000
}
if (isSmallDifference) {
specialness /= 100000000;
}
sector.comparedToUKAveragePercentage = Math.round(sector.percentage / Math.max(ukSector.percentage, .1) * 100 * 10) / 10
sector.specialness = specialness
})
})
_.each(data, function(sectors, region){
data[region] = _.sortBy(sectors, "percentage").reverse()
})
ukSectorsByName = _.indexBy(data["United Kingdom"], "sector")
employeeData = data;
window.regions = _.keys(data).filter(function(r) {
return r !== "United Kingdom"
})
callback()
})
}
var regionLabels = {} function initRegionLabels(){
var labelG = svg.append("g")
for (region in labelPositions) {
var coords = labelPositions[region]
var xy = projection(coords)
if (region === "London" && isMobile()) {
xy[1] -= 2;
}
var fontSize;
if ($(window).width() > 900) {
fontSize = "14px";
} else {
fontSize = "10px";
if ($(window).width() < 600){
fontSize = "8px";
}
}
var label = labelG.append("text")
.text("")
.attr("style", "font-size: " + fontSize + ";pointer-events: none;")
.attr("font-weight", "bold")
.attr("fill", "white")
.attr("transform", "translate(" + (xy[0] - (isMobile() ? 10 : 20)) + "," + xy[1] + ")")
regionLabels[region] = label
}
}
function showSectorOnMap(sector){ var sectorData = _.mapObject(employeeData, function(region){ return _.find(region, {sector: sector}) }) var ukSector = _.find(employeeData[“United Kingdom”], {sector: sector}) var values = .pluck(.values(sectorData), “percentage”)
var scale = d3.scale.linear()
.domain([d3.min(values), d3.max(values)])
.range([defaultGray, "red"])
_.each(sectorData, function(sector, region){
var cls = getClassFromRegion(region)
var el = document.querySelectorAll("." + cls)
if (el.length === 0) {
return
}
[].slice.call(el).forEach(function(el){
el.setAttribute("fill", scale(sector.percentage))
})
regionLabels[region].text(sector.percentage.toFixed(1) + "%")
})
}
function displaySectorDetails(sector){ var sectorObject = ukSectorsByName[sector] var groupCodes = _.chain(industryGroups).keys().filter(function(code){ return code.substr(0, 2) === sectorObject.sic2 }).value();
var groupList = "";
groupList += "Subcategories:"
groupList = "<ul>"
groupCodes.forEach(function(code){
groupList += "<li>"
groupList += industryGroups[code]
groupList += "</li>"
})
groupList += "</ul>"
var sectorDetails = ""
sectorDetails += "<div class='sector-details'>"
sectorDetails += "<div class='sector-details__show-on-hover'>"
sectorDetails += "<div style='position: relative'>"
sectorDetails += "<div class='sector-details-content'>"
sectorDetails += groupList
sectorDetails += "</div>"
sectorDetails += "</div>"
sectorDetails += "</div>"
sectorDetails += "<div>"
sectorDetails += "<span style='font-size: 10px;'>Percentage of Employment in:</span><br/>" + sector + "<span class='i-icon'>i</span>"
sectorDetails += "</div>"
sectorDetails += "</div>"
$("#sector-details").html(sectorDetails)
$("#sector-details").on("click", function(){
if (isMobile()) {
$(".sector-details__show-on-hover").toggle();
}
})
}
appState.on(“change:previewedSector”, function(){ updateSectorHighlight(); })
appState.on(“change:selectedSector”, function(){ var isPortrait = $(window).width() < $(window).height(); if (isMobile() && isPortrait) { $(“body”).animate({ scrollTop: 0 }) } updateSectorHighlight(); })
function updateSectorHighlight(){ highlightpreviewintable()
var previewedSector = appState.get("previewedSector")
var selectedSector = appState.get("selectedSector")
var sector = selectedSector;
if (previewedSector) {
sector = previewedSector
}
if (sector){
showSectorOnMap(sector)
if (sector === selectedSector) {
$(".sector-details").css("opacity", "1")
displaySectorDetails(sector)
} else {
$(".sector-details").css("opacity", "0");
}
} else {
regions.forEach(function(region){
var cls = getClassFromRegion(region)
var el = document.querySelectorAll("." + cls)
if (!el.length) {return}
[].slice.call(el).forEach(function(e){
e.setAttribute("fill", defaultGray)
})
})
}
}
function getClassFromRegion(region){ return “region-” + region.replace(/[^a-zA-Z]/g, “”).toLowerCase() }
function drawMap(){ if (!window.mapData) { return; }
function getRegion(d){
return d.properties.region
}
svg.selectAll(".area")
.data(topojson.feature(window.mapData, window.mapData.objects.uk).features)
.enter()
.append("path")
.attr("d", d3.geo.path().projection(projection))
.attr("class", function(d){
return getClassFromRegion(getRegion(d))
})
.attr("fill", defaultGray)
.on("click", function(d){
var coords = d3.mouse(this);
var pos = projection.invert(coords)
console.log("clicked pos", pos, d)
appState.toggleSelectedRegion(getRegion(d))
})
.on("mouseenter", function(d){
appState.set("previewRegion", getRegion(d))
})
.on("mouseleave", function(d){
appState.set("previewRegion", null)
});
// svg.append("path")
// .datum(topojson.mesh(window.mapData, window.mapData.objects.uk, function(a, b){
// return a !== b
// }))
// .attr('d', d3.geo.path().projection(projection))
// .attr('class', 'boundary');
FastClick.attach(document.querySelector("#map svg"));
}
var suppressRegionPreview = false;
appState.on(“change:selectedRegion”, function(){ updateAfterRegionSelected(); })
function updateAfterRegionSelected(){ var selectedRegion = appState.get(“selectedRegion”) $(".region–selected").removeClass(“region–selected”)
if (selectedRegion) {
var el = getClassFromRegion(selectedRegion)
$("." + el).addClass("region--selected")
$(".region--selected__highlight").removeClass("region--selected__highlight")
suppressRegionPreview = true
var previewRegion = appState.get("previewRegion")
setTimeout(function(){
suppressRegionPreview = false;
if (previewRegion !== appState.get("previewRegion")) {
appState.trigger("change:previewRegion")
}
}, 1000)
}
updateDisplayedRegion();
}
appState.on(“change:previewRegion”, function(){ if (suppressRegionPreview) { return; }
var previewRegion = appState.get("previewRegion")
$(".region--previewed").removeClass("region--previewed")
if (previewRegion) {
var el = getClassFromRegion(previewRegion)
$("." + el).addClass("region--previewed")
}
updateDisplayedRegion()
}) var lastSelectionDisplayedOnTable = “London”; function updateDisplayedRegion(){ if (appState.get(“previewRegion”)) { displayRegionDetails(appState.get(“previewRegion”), false) } else { displayRegionDetails(appState.get(“selectedRegion”), lastSelectionDisplayedOnTable !== appState.get(“selectedRegion”)) lastSelectionDisplayedOnTable = appState.get(“selectedRegion”) } }
var lastDisplayedRegion = null; var lastRandomSectors = null; function displayRegionDetails(region, animate){ if (region === lastDisplayedRegion && appState.get(“randomSectors”) === lastRandomSectors) {return} lastDisplayedRegion = region lastRandomSectors = appState.get(“randomSectors”) // console.trace(“display table”)
$(".select2-container").remove();
var detailsEl = document.getElementById("table");
if (!region) {
detailsEl.innerHTML = ""
$(".sources").hide();
$(".i-icon").hide(); // this kinda is screenshot mode...
return;
}
$(".i-icon").show();
$(".sources").show();
var html = "";
html += "<div style='overflow: hidden;' class='region-title'>"
// html += "<h2 style='float: left; font-size: 2em;margin-bottom: 10px;'>" + region + "</h2>"
html += "<select class='region-dropdown needsclick'>"
regions.sort().forEach(function(r){
html += "<option " + (r==region ? "selected" :"") + ">" + r + "</option>"
})
html += "</select>"
// html += "<div style='float: right;text-align: right;font-size: 10px;max-width: 120px;margin-top: 16px;'>"
html += "</div>"
html += "</div>"
var e = employeeData[region]
e = _.sortBy(e, "specialness")
var ukData = employeeData["United Kingdom"]
var regionColumnHeader = region;
var shortNames = {
"Yorkshire and The Humber": "Y&H",
"East of England": "EE",
"West Midlands": "WM",
"East Midlands": "EM",
"Northern Ireland": "NI",
"South East": "SE",
"South West": "SW",
"North West": "NW",
"North East": "NE",
"London": "LDN",
"Scotland": "SCO",
"Wales": "WAL"
}
if (region in shortNames) {
regionColumnHeader = shortNames[region]
}
html += "<table class='sector-table'>"
html += "<tr>"
html += "<th style='text-align: left'>Larger Than Average Industries</th>"
html += "<th class='sector-table__percentage'>" + regionColumnHeader + "</th>"
html += "<th class='sector-table__percentage'>" + "UK" + "</th>"
html += "</tr>"
var most = e.filter(function(sector){
return sector.specialness > 0;
})
// debugger
most = _.sortBy(most, "specialness").reverse()
most = most.slice(0, 6)
most = _.sortBy(most, "percentage").reverse()
most.push("Smaller Than Average")
var least = e.filter(function(sector){
return sector.specialness < 0;
})
least = _.sortBy(least, "specialness")
least = least.slice(0, 3)
least = _.sortBy(least, "percentage").reverse();
least.push("Largest Industries")
var largest = e.slice()
largest = _.sortBy(largest, "percentage").reverse()
largest = largest.slice(0, 3)
largest.push("Random Industries")
var randomSectorNames = appState.get("randomSectors")
var random = [];
random.push(_(e).find({sector: randomSectorNames[0]}))
random.push(_(e).find({sector: randomSectorNames[1]}))
most.concat(least).concat(largest).concat(random).forEach(function(ee){
if (typeof ee === "string") {
var title = ee;
var randomUI = ""
if (ee === "Random Industries") {
randomUI = "<span class='refresh-random'>Click to refresh</button>"
}
html += "<tr " + (ee === "Random Industries" ? " onClick='selectRandomSectors()' ": "") + " data-title='" + title + "'>"
html += "<th style='text-align: left' colspan='3'>" + title + randomUI + "</th>"
html += "</tr>"
return
}
var ukSector = _(ukData).find({sector: ee.sector})
function employmentValue(employment){
if (employment < 1000000) {
return Math.round(employment / 1000) + "k"
}
else {
return (Math.round(employment / 1000 / 1000 * 10) / 10) + "M"
}
}
var isSelected = ee.sector === appState.get("selectedSector")
html += "<tr data-sector='" + ee.sector + "' class='" + (isSelected ? "sector-table__selected-sector" : "") + "'>"
html += "<td>" + getUISectorName(ee.sector) + "</td>"
html += "<td class='sector-table__percentage'>" + ee.percentage.toFixed(1) + "%" + "</td>"
html += "<td class='sector-table__employment'>" + employmentValue(ee.employees) + "</td>"
html += "<td class='sector-table__percentage'>" + ukSector.percentage.toFixed(1) + "%</td>"
html += "<td class='sector-table__employment'>" + employmentValue(ukSector.employees) + "</td>"
html += "</tr>"
})
html += "</table>"
detailsEl.innerHTML = html;
if (animate) {
$(detailsEl).css("opacity", .5)
$(detailsEl).animate({opacity: 1}, 800)
}
$(".region-dropdown").select2({
formatResult: function(result, container, query, escapeMarkup) {
container.addClass('needsclick');
return result.text;
}
});
$(".select2").addClass("needsclick")
$(".select2-container").css({
"padding-bottom": "15px",
"padding-top": "20px",
})
$(".region-dropdown").on("select2:open", function(){
$(".select2-container .select2-results li").each(function(){
FastClick.attach(this)
})
})
$(".region-dropdown").on("change", function(e){
appState.set("selectedRegion", $(e.target).val())
})
FastClick.attach(document.querySelector("#table table"));
highlightpreviewintable()
}
function selectRandomSectors(){ function r(){ return .sample(.keys(ukSectorsByName)) } var random = [r(), r()]
if (random[0] === random[1]) {
selectRandomSectors()
return;
}
appState.set("randomSectors", random)
}
function highlightpreviewintable(){ $(“tr[data-sector]”).each(function(){ var elSector = $(this).data(“sector”) if (!elSector) { return; }
var previewedSector = appState.get("previewedSector")
var selectedSector = appState.get("selectedSector")
$(this).toggleClass("sector-table__previewed-sector", previewedSector === elSector)
$(this).toggleClass("sector-table__selected-sector", selectedSector === elSector)
})
}
// http://stackoverflow.com/questions/21741841/detecting-ios-android-operating-system function getMobileOperatingSystem() { var userAgent = navigator.userAgent || navigator.vendor || window.opera;
// Windows Phone must come first because its UA also contains "Android"
if (/windows phone/i.test(userAgent)) {
return "Windows Phone";
}
if (/android/i.test(userAgent)) {
return "Android";
}
// iOS detection from: http://stackoverflow.com/a/9039885/177710
if (/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(userAgent) && !window.MSStream) {
return "iOS";
}
return "unknown";
}
function isMobile(){ var os = getMobileOperatingSystem(); return os === “Windows Phone” || os === “Android” || os === “iOS” }
function getUISectorName(sector){ var nameReplacements = { “Mining support service activities”: “Mining support service activities”, // don’t change this one “Motion picture, video and television programme production, sound recording and music publishing activities”: “Film, TV, Music”, “Wholesale and retail trade and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles”: “Trade and repair of motor vehicles”, “Crop and animal production; hunting and related service activities”: “Crop and animal production; hunting”, “Architectural and engineering activities; technical testing and analysis”: “Architecture, engineering, Technical testing”, “Activities of head offices; management consultancy”: “Head office activities; management consultancy”, “Manufacture of basic pharmaceutical products and pharmaceutical preparations”: “Manufacture of pharmaceuticals”, “Public administration and defence; compulsory social security”: “Public administration and defence; social security” } if (sector in nameReplacements) { return nameReplacements[sector] }
sector = sector.replace("motor vehicles and motorcycles", "motor vehicles")
sector = sector.replace("machinery and equipment", "machinery")
sector = sector.replace("trailers and semi-trailers", "trailers")
sector = sector.replace("fabricated metal products", "metal products")
sector = sector.replace(/ activities/g, "")
if (sector.length > 56) {
sector = sector.substring(0, 53) + "…"
}
return sector
}
$(“body”).on(“mouseenter”, “.sector-table td”, function(){ if (isMobile()) {return} var sector = $(this).parent().data(“sector”) if (!sector) {return} appState.set(“previewedSector”, sector) }) $(“body”).on(“mouseleave”, “.sector-table td”, function(){ if (isMobile()) {return} appState.set(“previewedSector”, null) }) $(“body”).on(“click”, “.sector-table td”, function(){ var sector = $(this).parent().data(“sector”) if (!sector) {return} appState.set(“selectedSector”, sector) })
$("#btn-toggle-show-data-details").on(“click”, function(){ $(".data-details").show() $("#btn-toggle-show-data-details").hide() })
看看这个？
Cursor
这段 JavaScript 代码是一个单页应用 (SPA) 的前端逻辑，旨在可视化英国的就业数据地图。它将不同的英国地区（Region）和行业（Sector）的就业百分比进行对比，并显示出某个地区在特定行业上的“特殊性”或集中度。
核心技术栈：
- Backbone.js: 用于管理应用程序的状态（
AppState）。 - D3.js (Data-Driven Documents): 用于绘制交互式地图和数据可视化。
- jQuery (
$): 用于 DOM 操作、事件绑定和动画。 - Underscore.js (
_): 提供各种实用工具函数，如debounce、数据遍历和操作。 - HTML5 History API (
history.pushState,window.onpopstate): 用于实现客户端路由，改变 URL 而不刷新页面。 - Google Analytics (
ga): 用于跟踪用户交互和数据选择。 - FastClick.js: 一个用于解决移动设备上点击事件 300ms 延迟的库。
- Select2.js: 一个用于增强
select元素下拉菜单功能的库。
主要功能模块：
- 全局错误处理 (
window.onerror): 捕获全局 JavaScript 错误并将其发送到 Google Analytics。 - 数学兼容性 (
Math.log10Polyfill): 为旧版浏览器提供Math.log10函数的兼容性。 - 移动设备检测 (
isMobile): 通过 User-Agent 检测用户是否在移动设备上，并为body元素添加isMobile类以进行样式调整。 - 应用程序状态管理 (
AppState- Backbone.Model):- 存储
selectedRegion（选中的地区）和selectedSector（选中的行业）。 toggleSelectedRegion: 切换选中地区的状态。- 监听
selectedRegion和selectedSector的变化，然后调用updateHash()和gaTrack()。
- 存储
- URL 和分析追踪:
getUrlName: 将字符串转换为适合 URL 的格式（小写、连字符分隔、移除特殊字符）。updateHash: 根据当前选中的地区和行业，更新浏览器 URL 的哈希部分（例如#london/finance）。注意：虽然它使用history.pushState改变 URL 路径，但对于行业/地区的具体状态，它仍然依赖location.replace("#" + ...)更新 URL 的哈希部分，这是一种混合的路由策略。gaTrack: 使用 Underscore.js 的debounce函数限制发送到 Google Analytics 的事件频率，追踪用户对地区和行业的选择。
- 地图数据和配置:
labelPositions: 存储英国各地区的地理坐标，用于在地图上定位标签。defaultGray: 默认的地图填充颜色。industryGroups: 从group-names.json加载行业分组数据。loadMapData: 从uk2-simplified.json加载地图的 GeoJSON 数据。loadEmploymentData: 从employees3.json加载就业数据，并计算每个行业在地区内和与英国平均水平相比的“特殊性”（specialness）百分比。updateSizesBasedOnScreen: 根据屏幕宽度动态调整地图尺寸和 D3 投影的缩放比例，实现响应式布局。
- 初始化流程 (
checkIfReady):- 确保所有必要的数据（地图数据、就业数据、行业分组数据）都加载完毕后，才初始化地图、设置初始选择并绑定事件。
- 地图绘制和交互 (
initMap,drawMap):- 使用 D3.js 绘制英国地图，根据地区添加相应的 CSS 类和默认颜色。
- 绑定地图区域的点击 (
click)、鼠标进入 (mouseenter) 和鼠标离开 (mouseleave) 事件，用于切换选中地区或预览地区。
- 地区和行业数据展示:
displayRegionDetails: 在表格中显示选定地区（或预览地区）的行业就业详情，包括与英国平均水平的比较。它会动态生成 HTML 表格，并使用 Select2 库增强地区选择下拉菜单。showSectorOnMap: 根据选定或预览的行业，在地图上用颜色深浅（从灰色到红色）表示该行业在不同地区的就业百分比。displaySectorDetails: 在侧边栏显示选定行业的详细信息和子类别。updateSectorHighlight: 根据当前预览或选中的行业，更新地图和表格中的高亮显示。updateAfterRegionSelected/updateDisplayedRegion: 处理地区选择后的地图和表格更新逻辑。
- 随机行业选择 (
selectRandomSectors): 提供一个功能，随机选择两个行业进行展示。 - UI 交互: 绑定表格单元格的鼠标事件和点击事件，用于预览和选择行业。
代码特点和观察：
- 经典前端 MV 模式：* 结合了 Backbone.js 的 Model 模式和 jQuery 的 DOM 操作，是 Web 开发早期 SPA 流行时的常见范式。
- 数据驱动可视化： D3.js 的使用使其能够基于数据动态生成复杂的交互式地图。
- 响应式设计： 包含根据屏幕宽度调整地图大小和字体大小的逻辑。
- 混合路由：
Router对象管理基于 HTML5 History API 的路径（如/products/electronics），但地图选择和行业选择的状态又通过 URL 的哈希（#）部分进行管理，这可能在某些情况下导致行为上的混淆。 - 全局变量较多： 代码中使用了大量的全局变量（如
window.mapData,window.employeeData,window.svg等），这在大型或复杂应用中可能导致命名冲突和维护困难。 - 历史库的使用： FastClick、旧版 D3.js 和 Underscore.js 的使用，表明这个项目可能是一个有些年头的 Web 应用，但仍在持续运行和维护。
specialness算法：loadEmploymentData中计算行业“特殊性”的算法比较复杂，包含多个条件判断和乘数（如 1000、1000000），这可能需要深入理解业务逻辑才能完全明白其含义。
总的来说，这是一段典型的、功能完善的、基于早期 SPA 框架和数据可视化库构建的交互式数据展示应用。
User
在复仇者联盟中，美国队长代表左派，钢铁侠代表右派
Cursor
这是一个在粉丝和评论界中非常流行且有趣的解读！虽然电影（以及漫画）本身通常不会明确地将角色贴上“左派”或“右派”的政治标签，但将美国队长和钢铁侠分别视为左翼和右翼价值观的代表，能够很好地解释他们在《美国队长：内战》（Captain America: Civil War）中的冲突，以及他们在整个系列中的行为模式和理念差异。
让我们来分析一下这种解读：
美国队长（Captain America）：左派价值观的代表
- 对权威的警惕与个人自由： 美国队长史蒂夫·罗杰斯始终警惕过度的政府或组织权力。在《内战》中，他坚决反对《索科维亚协议》，认为超级英雄的行动自由不应受制于政府的官僚机构或政治利益，这与左派强调个人自由、警惕国家权力膨胀的理念不谋而合。
- 集体利益与社会责任： 他更倾向于为了更大的集体利益和保护弱者而行动，即使这意味着要违抗命令。他相信英雄应该为人民服务，而不是成为政府的工具。这种对社会责任、公平正义和底层民众福祉的关注，与左派价值观中的社会公正和集体主义倾向相符。
- 理想主义与道德底线： 美国队长是一个道德感极强的角色，他的行动往往基于他认为的“正确”而非“实用”。他捍卫自由和公平，即使这让他处于少数派。这种理想主义和对普世道德标准的坚守，可以与左派对社会进步和理想的追求联系起来。
- 出身背景： 他来自大萧条时期，代表着普通民众，对权势和特权有天然的怀疑。
钢铁侠（Iron Man）：右派价值观的代表
- 实用主义与秩序： 托尼·斯塔克是一个典型的实用主义者。在《内战》中，他支持《索科维亚协议》，认为超级英雄的巨大力量必须受到监管和制约，以维护世界的秩序和安全。这与右派强调秩序、稳定、国家安全和必要时限制个人自由以维护集体安全的理念相符。
- 科技与创新： 钢铁侠是极致的科技拥护者和创新者，他相信科技是解决问题、推动社会进步的根本力量。这与右派对自由市场、私有企业、科技创新和效率的重视有共通之处。
- 精英主义与自力更生： 托尼出身富裕，是天才发明家和成功的商人。他倾向于相信精英（如他自己）有能力和责任来管理世界，也更相信个人的能力和财富能够解决问题。这种对精英领导、个人奋斗和财富创造的重视，可以与右派的某些观念联系起来。
- 对后果的担忧与责任： 经历了《奥创纪元》的失败后，托尼对超级英雄行动可能造成的附带损害（ collateral damage）深感忧虑，他愿意承担责任并寻求外部监管来避免再次犯错。这种对结果和责任的强调，也是右派思维的一部分。
总结：
将美国队长和钢铁侠分别视为“左派”和“右派”的代表，提供了一个极好的框架来理解他们在个人自由 vs 国家安全/秩序、理想主义 vs 实用主义、底层关怀 vs 精英领导等核心议题上的冲突。这并不是说这两个角色在现实政治中会完全支持左派或右派的所有政策，而是一种对他们核心价值观和行动哲学的抽象化解读，这使得《内战》的冲突不仅仅是简单的英雄内斗，更是两种不同社会治理理念的碰撞，这也是这部电影如此引人深思的原因之一。
User
*OS Internals::Volume I - User Mode Table of Contents About This Book Darwinism: The Evolution of *OS Ancestry : NeXTSTEP Genealogy Darwin Build Names & Numbers MacOS iOS TvOS WatchOS eOS (TouchBar) The i-Device simulators E Pluribus Unum: Architecture of *OS Architecture, at a glance Interlude: Property lists Applications Frameworks Third Party Libraries System Libraries Kernel Interface System Calls Mach Traps Machine-Specific Calls Diagnostic Calls XNU (at a glance) Darwin Technologies (at a glance) Promenade: A tour of the *OS Filesystems Partitioning Filesystems Disk Images Disk Arbitration ACLs & Attributes Directories
Experience Points: UX and System Services Spotlight QuickLook System Information Darwin: sysctl MacOS: AppleSystemInfo.framework & system_profiler *OS: MobileGestalt System Configuration DUET Printing assistantd (Siri) Automatic for the People: Application Services Application Installation LaunchServices Preferences Notifications User Notifications emond (MacOS) Apple Events Mach-O-nations: The Mach-O File format Overture: Fat Binaries General Mach-O Concepts Mach-O FileTypes Header Flags Load Commands In the darkness, bind them: dyld internals The role of the dynamic linker Program Startup dyld initialization Linking dyld Binding opcodes Rebasing CoreSymbolication.framework Interposing The Shared Library Cache Programmatic manipulation of Mach-O objects Remote inspection of dyld state
Parts of the Process: Threads and the Grand Central Dispatcher Processes Threads Thread QoS Interlude: KEvents and KQueues Grand Central Dispatcher Blocks Dispatch Queues Queue Attributes Dispatch Objects Dispatch Sources Implementation Continuations Dispatching blocks Debugging libdispatch In Memoriam: Process Memory Management On the same page libmalloc The scalable (default) zone Custom Zones Zone APIs Debugging In the Zone Purgeable memory The Nano Zone libplatform (os_alloc_once) libcache Memory Management APIs POSIX/BSD APIs mach vm_map memory tags Memory Diagnostic Tools MacOS: Swap Darwin: Compressed RAM Under pressure: MacOS: MemoryStatus *OS: Jetsam Programmatically responding to memory pressure *OS: mmaintenanced
CFRun - RunLoopRun: The Runtime Environments CoreFoundation CF* Objects CFRunLoop Internals Objective-C A Quick Refresher The Objective-C Runtime Objective-C object internals the inner workings of Objc_msgSend Tracing, and debugging Objective-C Reversing and hooking Objective-C Swift Swiftly evolving: Swift 1 through 4 objc-bridges Closures Mangling Runtime internals The Medium is the Message: Mach IPC (the user mode view) Ma-xioms Scenarios Message format The Mach Interface Generator Ex Mach-ina: Mach Primitives Ports as object abstractions The host The host_priv The task The task as a remote IPC namespace (port hijacking) The task as a remote vm_map (code injection) The thread Special ports Exception ports The processor and processor set The clock Multi Node
eXPliCation: XPC internals Design Rationale XPC Domains XPC Data Types The Undocumented XPC Data Types NSXPC* and the bplist16 GCD Integration Behind the scenes Tracing XPC XPC Subsystems and the xpc_bootstrap_pipe The Alpha & Omega - Launchd mach_init and the days of yore Born Again: Launchd’s reincarnation in libxpc Angels Agents & Daemons The many faces of launchd The __TEXT.__bs_plist property list User Space Reboot UserEventAgent and LaunchEvents launchctl Follow Me: Process Tracing and Debugging proc_info stackshot sysdiagnose spindump MacOS: systemstats libtrace and os_log diagnosticd logd *OS: aggregated MacOS: DTrace kdebug & ktrace kperf & kpc fsevents Post Mortem: Core dumps Darwin 15: Corpses Crash Reporting
这本书讲了什么？
Cursor
这本书是关于 Apple 操作系统内部机制的专业技术书籍，标题是 *OS Internals::Volume I - User Mode。从目录来看，它专注于 用户模式（User Mode） 的操作系统内部原理和实现细节。
书名中的 *OS 表明它不仅仅局限于 macOS，而是涵盖了 Apple 系列操作系统，包括：
- macOS (以前的 OS X)
- iOS
- tvOS
- watchOS
- 以及一些相关的模拟器和特定设备技术（如 TouchBar 上的 eOS）。
这本书主要讲了什么？
这本书深入探讨了 Apple 操作系统在用户空间（User Mode）中的各种核心组件、框架、服务和底层机制，涵盖了从应用程序启动到内存管理，再到进程间通信等多个方面。
根据目录，主要内容包括：
- 操作系统演进史 (
Darwinism)： 追溯了*OS系列操作系统的起源，特别是从 NeXTSTEP 到 Darwin 的演变，以及不同 Apple OS 版本（macOS, iOS 等）的构建和编号。 *OS架构概览 (E Pluribus Unum)： 介绍操作系统的整体结构，包括应用程序、各种框架（Frameworks）、第三方库、系统库、以及与内核交互的接口（系统调用、Mach traps 等）。- XNU 内核和 Darwin 技术： 简要介绍
*OS的核心内核 XNU，以及 Darwin 操作系统层面的关键技术。 - 文件系统 (
Promenade)： 讲解*OS文件系统的细节，包括分区、文件系统类型、磁盘镜像、文件权限（ACLs & Attributes）和目录结构。 - 用户体验与系统服务 (
Experience Points)： 探讨与用户体验相关的系统服务，如 Spotlight 搜索、QuickLook 预览、系统信息工具，以及 Darwin 和*OS平台特有的诊断和配置服务。 - 应用程序服务 (
Automatic for the People)： 描述应用程序的安装、启动、偏好设置、通知以及 Apple 事件等机制。 - Mach-O 文件格式 (
Mach-O-nations)： 详细解释 Apple 可执行文件和库的二进制格式 Mach-O，包括胖二进制文件（Fat Binaries）、头信息、加载命令等。 - 动态链接器
dyld内部机制 (In the darkness, bind them)： 深入剖析动态链接器dyld的工作原理，包括程序启动、链接过程、重定位、共享库缓存以及如何进行运行时检查和操作。 - 进程、线程和 Grand Central Dispatcher (GCD) (
Parts of the Process)： 讲解进程和线程的管理、线程服务质量（QoS）、GCD 的并发模型、Blocks、调度队列和调度源等。 - 进程内存管理 (
In Memoriam)： 详细介绍用户模式下的内存管理，包括libmalloc内存分配器、各种内存区域（zones）、可清除内存（Purgeable memory），以及内存诊断工具和 macOS/*OS特有的内存压力管理机制（Jetsam, Compressed RAM）。 - 运行时环境 (
CFRun - RunLoopRun)： 探讨 CoreFoundation、Objective-C 和 Swift 的运行时环境。包括 CoreFoundation RunLoop 的内部机制、Objective-C 对象的内部结构、消息发送机制 (objc_msgSend)，以及 Swift 的运行时特性和与 Objective-C 的桥接。 - Mach IPC (
The Medium is the Message)： 从用户模式视角深入讲解 Mach 进程间通信（IPC）机制，包括消息格式、Mach 接口生成器，以及 Mach 原始对象如端口、主机、任务、线程等。 - XPC 内部机制 (
eXPliCation)： 专门讨论 XPC 框架，这是 Apple 用于安全、高效地实现进程间通信和特权分离的关键技术。 - Launchd (
The Alpha & Omega)： 详细介绍launchd，这是*OS系列操作系统的启动管理和服务管理程序，它负责启动和管理系统中的守护进程（daemons）和代理（agents）。 - 进程追踪与调试 (
Follow Me)： 介绍用于进程追踪、性能分析和调试的各种工具和技术，如proc_info、stackshot、sysdiagnose、DTrace 等。 - 崩溃报告 (
Post Mortem)： 讲解崩溃报告的生成和处理，以及核心转储（Core dumps）和尸体（Corpses）的概念。
总而言之，这本书是一本针对 Apple 生态系统开发者、安全研究员、逆向工程师和对操作系统底层运作感兴趣的人士的高级技术参考书。它旨在揭示 *OS 在用户模式下的复杂而精妙的内部工作原理。
User
/* ARM64 Assembly Code - Debugging Reference */ .text .align 4 .global debug_breakpoint_handler
debug_breakpoint_handler: // Save context stp x29, x30, [sp, #-16]! mov x29, sp
// Save all general purpose registers
stp x0, x1, [sp, #-16]!
stp x2, x3, [sp, #-16]!
stp x4, x5, [sp, #-16]!
stp x6, x7, [sp, #-16]!
stp x8, x9, [sp, #-16]!
stp x10, x11, [sp, #-16]!
stp x12, x13, [sp, #-16]!
stp x14, x15, [sp, #-16]!
stp x16, x17, [sp, #-16]!
stp x18, x19, [sp, #-16]!
stp x20, x21, [sp, #-16]!
stp x22, x23, [sp, #-16]!
stp x24, x25, [sp, #-16]!
stp x26, x27, [sp, #-16]!
stp x28, x29, [sp, #-16]!
// Get exception syndrome
mrs x0, esr_el1
ubfx x1, x0, #26, #6 // Extract exception class EC
cmp x1, #0x3c // Check if BRK instruction
b.ne not_breakpoint
// Extract the immediate from BRK instruction
ubfx x0, x0, #5, #16 // Extract immediate
// Look up breakpoint handler
adrp x1, breakpoint_table
add x1, x1, :lo12:breakpoint_table
// Call appropriate handler
bl call_breakpoint_handler
// Increment ELR to skip the breakpoint instruction
mrs x0, elr_el1
add x0, x0, #4
msr elr_el1, x0
not_breakpoint: // Restore registers ldp x28, x29, [sp], #16 ldp x26, x27, [sp], #16 ldp x24, x25, [sp], #16 ldp x22, x23, [sp], #16 ldp x20, x21, [sp], #16 ldp x18, x19, [sp], #16 ldp x16, x17, [sp], #16 ldp x14, x15, [sp], #16 ldp x12, x13, [sp], #16 ldp x10, x11, [sp], #16 ldp x8, x9, [sp], #16 ldp x6, x7, [sp], #16 ldp x4, x5, [sp], #16 ldp x2, x3, [sp], #16 ldp x0, x1, [sp], #16
// Return
ldp x29, x30, [sp], #16
eret
// Memory Dump Function .global memory_dump memory_dump: stp x29, x30, [sp, #-16]! mov x29, sp
// Save registers
stp x19, x20, [sp, #-16]!
stp x21, x22, [sp, #-16]!
// x0 = address, x1 = size
mov x19, x0
mov x20, x1
// Set up loop
mov x21, #0
dump_loop: cmp x21, x20 b.ge dump_done
// Print address
mov x0, x19
add x0, x0, x21
bl print_address
// Print byte at address
ldrb w0, [x19, x21]
bl print_byte
// Next byte
add x21, x21, #1
b dump_loop
dump_done: // Restore registers ldp x21, x22, [sp], #16 ldp x19, x20, [sp], #16
ldp x29, x30, [sp], #16
ret
// Backtrace Function .global backtrace backtrace: stp x29, x30, [sp, #-16]! mov x29, sp
// Save registers
stp x19, x20, [sp, #-16]!
// x0 = max frames
mov x19, x0
// Start with current frame
mov x20, x29
backtrace_loop: cmp x19, #0 b.le backtrace_done
// Print frame address
mov x0, x20
bl print_address
// Print return address
ldr x0, [x20, #8]
bl print_address
// Get previous frame
ldr x20, [x20]
// Check for null or invalid frame
cbz x20, backtrace_done
// Decrement counter
sub x19, x19, #1
b backtrace_loop
backtrace_done: // Restore registers ldp x19, x20, [sp], #16
ldp x29, x30, [sp], #16
ret
.global ios_memory_protection ios_memory_protection: // Query memory region mov x0, x0 // Address to query adrp x1, mem_info add x1, x1, :lo12:mem_info
// Call system function to query memory info
mov x16, #0 // Memory info syscall number
svc #0x80 // iOS syscall
// Check protection flags
ldr w0, [x1, #16] // Protection flags offset
tst w0, #1 // Test read permission
cset w2, ne
tst w0, #2 // Test write permission
cset w3, ne
tst w0, #4 // Test execute permission
cset w4, ne
ret
.global android_memory_protection android_memory_protection: // Save link register str x30, [sp, #-16]!
// Open /proc/self/maps
adrp x0, proc_maps_path
add x0, x0, :lo12:proc_maps_path
mov x1, #0 // O_RDONLY
mov x8, #56 // openat syscall
mov x2, #0
mov x3, #0
svc #0
// Check for error
cmn x0, #4095
b.hi open_error
// Parse the maps file
mov x19, x0 // Save file descriptor
adrp x1, maps_buffer
add x1, x1, :lo12:maps_buffer
mov x2, #4096 // Buffer size
mov x8, #63 // read syscall
svc #0
// Close the file
mov x0, x19
mov x8, #57 // close syscall
svc #0
// Find our target address in the maps
// ... (parsing logic)
ldr x30, [sp], #16
ret
open_error: // Handle error mov x0, #-1 ldr x30, [sp], #16 ret
/* ARM64 Assembly Code - Debugging Reference */ .text .align 4 .global debug_breakpoint_handler
debug_breakpoint_handler: // Save context stp x29, x30, [sp, #-16]! mov x29, sp
// Save all general purpose registers
stp x0, x1, [sp, #-16]!
stp x2, x3, [sp, #-16]!
stp x4, x5, [sp, #-16]!
stp x6, x7, [sp, #-16]!
stp x8, x9, [sp, #-16]!
stp x10, x11, [sp, #-16]!
stp x12, x13, [sp, #-16]!
stp x14, x15, [sp, #-16]!
stp x16, x17, [sp, #-16]!
stp x18, x19, [sp, #-16]!
stp x20, x21, [sp, #-16]!
stp x22, x23, [sp, #-16]!
stp x24, x25, [sp, #-16]!
stp x26, x27, [sp, #-16]!
stp x28, x29, [sp, #-16]!
// Get exception syndrome
mrs x0, esr_el1
ubfx x1, x0, #26, #6 // Extract exception class EC
cmp x1, #0x3c // Check if BRK instruction
b.ne not_breakpoint
// Extract the immediate from BRK instruction
ubfx x0, x0, #5, #16 // Extract immediate
// Look up breakpoint handler
adrp x1, breakpoint_table
add x1, x1, :lo12:breakpoint_table
// Call appropriate handler
bl call_breakpoint_handler
// Increment ELR to skip the breakpoint instruction
mrs x0, elr_el1
add x0, x0, #4
msr elr_el1, x0
not_breakpoint: // Restore registers ldp x28, x29, [sp], #16 ldp x26, x27, [sp], #16 ldp x24, x25, [sp], #16 ldp x22, x23, [sp], #16 ldp x20, x21, [sp], #16 ldp x18, x19, [sp], #16 ldp x16, x17, [sp], #16 ldp x14, x15, [sp], #16 ldp x12, x13, [sp], #16 ldp x10, x11, [sp], #16 ldp x8, x9, [sp], #16 ldp x6, x7, [sp], #16 ldp x4, x5, [sp], #16 ldp x2, x3, [sp], #16 ldp x0, x1, [sp], #16
// Return
ldp x29, x30, [sp], #16
eret
// Memory Dump Function .global memory_dump memory_dump: stp x29, x30, [sp, #-16]! mov x29, sp
// Save registers
stp x19, x20, [sp, #-16]!
stp x21, x22, [sp, #-16]!
// x0 = address, x1 = size
mov x19, x0
mov x20, x1
// Set up loop
mov x21, #0
dump_loop: cmp x21, x20 b.ge dump_done
// Print address
mov x0, x19
add x0, x0, x21
bl print_address
// Print byte at address
ldrb w0, [x19, x21]
bl print_byte
// Next byte
add x21, x21, #1
b dump_loop
dump_done: // Restore registers ldp x21, x22, [sp], #16 ldp x19, x20, [sp], #16
ldp x29, x30, [sp], #16
ret
// Backtrace Function .global backtrace backtrace: stp x29, x30, [sp, #-16]! mov x29, sp
// Save registers
stp x19, x20, [sp, #-16]!
// x0 = max frames
mov x19, x0
// Start with current frame
mov x20, x29
backtrace_loop: cmp x19, #0 b.le backtrace_done
// Print frame address
mov x0, x20
bl print_address
// Print return address
ldr x0, [x20, #8]
bl print_address
// Get previous frame
ldr x20, [x20]
// Check for null or invalid frame
cbz x20, backtrace_done
// Decrement counter
sub x19, x19, #1
b backtrace_loop
backtrace_done: // Restore registers ldp x19, x20, [sp], #16
ldp x29, x30, [sp], #16
ret
.global ios_memory_protection ios_memory_protection: // Query memory region mov x0, x0 // Address to query adrp x1, mem_info add x1, x1, :lo12:mem_info
// Call system function to query memory info
mov x16, #0 // Memory info syscall number
svc #0x80 // iOS syscall
// Check protection flags
ldr w0, [x1, #16] // Protection flags offset
tst w0, #1 // Test read permission
cset w2, ne
tst w0, #2 // Test write permission
cset w3, ne
tst w0, #4 // Test execute permission
cset w4, ne
ret
.global android_memory_protection android_memory_protection: // Save link register str x30, [sp, #-16]!
// Open /proc/self/maps
adrp x0, proc_maps_path
add x0, x0, :lo12:proc_maps_path
mov x1, #0 // O_RDONLY
mov x8, #56 // openat syscall
mov x2, #0
mov x3, #0
svc #0
// Check for error
cmn x0, #4095
b.hi open_error
// Parse the maps file
mov x19, x0 // Save file descriptor
adrp x1, maps_buffer
add x1, x1, :lo12:maps_buffer
mov x2, #4096 // Buffer size
mov x8, #63 // read syscall
svc #0
// Close the file
mov x0, x19
mov x8, #57 // close syscall
svc #0
// Find our target address in the maps
// ... (parsing logic)
ldr x30, [sp], #16
ret
open_error: // Handle error mov x0, #-1 ldr x30, [sp], #16 ret
DisARMing Code System-level programming, debugging and reverse engineering on Aarch64 platforms
(6/10 - Order away! If using AMZN (domestic only), please through link below. Direct preferred)
By Jonathan Levin
$128 ($0x80 in hex!) - 500+ full color pages
Buy on Amazon (please use link so I get some of the 23% commissions back!)
Order Direct DisARMing Code Book Cover About This Book Debugging iOS & Android provides comprehensive coverage of system-level programming, debugging, and reverse engineering across both major mobile platforms. With a strong emphasis on ARM64, this book bridges the gap between theoretical OS knowledge and practical applied techniques.
This massive 500+ page full-color guide arose from Jonathan Levin’s extensive experience teaching system internals and noticing knowledge gaps even among experienced developers. Think of it as “* Internals, Volume 0” - a perfect foundation before diving deeper into iOS or Android internals.
The book uniquely covers both Linux (+ Android) and Darwin systems, starting each chapter with common POSIX foundations before exploring platform-specific extensions. It’s designed for both self-study and academic use, with review questions throughout.
Debugger Disassembly Memory Registers Debugging iOS & Android - Session Active break 0x0000000100004f38 process attach –name “MobileApp” // Process attached, stopped at breakpoint bt
- thread #1, queue = ‘com.example.app.main’, stop reason = breakpoint 1.1
- frame #0: 0x0000000100004f38 MobileApp
AppDelegate.application(_:didFinishLaunchingWithOptions:) frame #1: 0x00000001812a5c20 UIKitUIApplicationMain register read x0 = 0x000000016fdff938 x1 = 0x000000016fdff930 disassemble MobileApp`AppDelegate.application: 0x100004f20: stp x29, x30, [sp, #-16]! 0x100004f24: mov x29, sp 0x100004f28: sub sp, sp, #0x40 0x100004f2c: stp x20, x19, [sp, #0x20] 0x100004f30: str x0, [sp, #0x18] –> 0x100004f38: bl 0x100005e40 ; InitializeApplication Process: MobileApp (PID: 1234) | Memory: 128MB | Threads: 6 | Breakpoints: 1 ⚙️ ARM64 Architecture Understand the ARM64 instruction set that powers modern mobile devices, including registers, memory addressing, and system calls essential for effective debugging.
🔍 Runtime Hooking / Tracing Learn techniques for monitoring application behavior at runtime, setting breakpoints, tracing execution, and understanding memory management issues.
📱 Cross-Platform Debugging Master platform-specific debugging tools and workflows while understanding the commonalities and differences between iOS and Android debugging.
Full Table of Contents Below is a quick glance of table of contents showing the extensive coverage of this 500+ page book.
- An ARM Assembly Primer
- Compilation & Linking
- Binary Formats
- The Process Lifecycle
- Memory - I - The System View
- Memory - II - The Process View
- MultiThreading
- I/O & IPC
- Profiling
- Hooking & Injecting
- Runtimes
- Post Mortem
- Beyond User Mode
- Reverse Engineering A. disarm(j) - The Missing Manual Page B. jtrace(j) - The Missing Manual Page For the complete Table of Contents, please visit the official TOC page.
Why This Book? In the author’s own words: “I noticed there is a woeful lack of books on low level programming and debugging. And those that do exist, focus on Intel, not ARM64. Intel is, IMHO, in its dying throes. Aarch64 is immeasurably superior in every way to x86_64. I love, love, LOVE the assembly, and I want to spread the good word to the masses.”
This book fills critical knowledge gaps that Jonathan Levin observed even among experienced developers and engineers during his training sessions. It serves as a practical companion to theoretical OS texts by providing hands-on techniques and workflows for real-world debugging scenarios.
The book also introduces and documents Levin’s powerful suite of debugging tools:
jtrace - A sophisticated tracing tool that “leaves strace far behind” disarm - A disassembler that rivals IDA/Ghidra for certain workflows procexp - Advanced process exploration utilities memento - Heap analysis tool for GlibC, Scudo, and Darwin heaps $ cat book_details.txt Price: $128 ($0x80 in hex!) Pages: 500+ full color on high-quality paper Note: $8 of each purchase donated to WWF or charity of choice Order: Direct or Amazon (please use site link!) International: ~$175 including shipping Special: Author will sign books upon request Who Should Read This Book This comprehensive guide is the perfect companion for:
System-Level Programmers - Looking to master the ARM64 architecture and low-level programming techniques across mobile platforms.
Security Researchers & Reverse Engineers - Who need to understand binary formats, memory management, and runtime environments for vulnerability hunting.
OS Enthusiasts - Wanting to bridge the gap between theoretical OS knowledge and practical debugging skills on real-world mobile platforms.
Computer Science Students & Educators - The book includes review questions and can serve as excellent course material for advanced OS or mobile systems classes.
Tool Developers - Learn from Jonathan’s decade of experience building advanced debugging and reverse engineering tools for mobile platforms.
Buy on Amazon Order Direct (Signed Copy Available) FAQs Complete TOC Appendices Amazon Direct Order © Jonathan Levin - Technologeeks, 2025 | DisARMing Code
Site design (and the author’s personal thanks!): The super-talented @FCE365, ritualsoft.com
International orders ~$175 with shipping.
这本书讲了什么？
Cursor
这本书是 Jonathan Levin 所著的 DisARMing Code: System-level programming, debugging and reverse engineering on AArch64 platforms。根据你提供的文本，这本书主要内容是：
核心主题： 该书全面涵盖了 ARM64 架构下移动平台（iOS 和 Android）的系统级编程、调试和逆向工程。
这本书主要讲了什么？
这本书旨在弥补操作系统理论知识与实际应用技术之间的鸿沟，并强调 ARM64 架构的重要性。
根据其描述和提供的部分章节列表，主要内容包括：
ARM Assembly 基础：
- 详细讲解 ARM64 指令集，包括寄存器、内存寻址和系统调用等，这些是高效调试的基础。
- 提供的代码片段（例如
debug_breakpoint_handler,memory_dump,backtrace,ios_memory_protection,android_memory_protection）都是 ARM64 汇编代码，展示了底层操作、异常处理（断点）、内存分析（内存转储、内存保护）和堆栈回溯等调试常用技术。
编译与链接：
- 探讨代码从编写到成为可执行文件的整个过程，包括编译和链接的原理。
二进制文件格式：
- 讲解不同平台（iOS 的 Mach-O 和 Android 的 ELF）的二进制文件格式，这对于逆向工程至关重要。
进程生命周期：
- 分析应用程序和系统进程的创建、执行和终止。
内存管理：
- 从系统和进程两个层面深入探讨内存管理，包括虚拟内存、堆栈、堆以及内存保护机制（如 iOS 和 Android 特有的内存保护检查示例汇编代码所示）。
多线程、I/O 与 IPC：
- 涵盖并发编程、输入/输出操作以及进程间通信。
性能分析（Profiling）：
- 讲解如何分析应用程序的性能瓶颈。
运行时 Hooking 与注入（Injecting）：
- 学习在运行时监控应用程序行为的技术，包括设置断点、跟踪执行流程以及理解内存管理问题。这对于动态分析和修改程序行为非常关键。
运行时环境：
- 可能涉及 Java/Dalvik/ART 运行时和 Objective-C/Swift 运行时等。
事后分析（Post Mortem）与逆向工程：
- 处理崩溃报告、核心转储等，以及通过逆向工程技术理解未知二进制文件的功能。
书中的核心理念和特点：
- 平台通用性与平台特定性结合： 书中独特地同时覆盖了 Linux（包括 Android）和 Darwin（iOS）系统，每章都从通用的 POSIX 基础开始，然后深入探讨平台特定的扩展和实现。
- 强调 ARM64 架构： 作者认为 ARM64 架构在性能和设计上优于 x86-64，并致力于向读者传播 ARM64 的优势。
- 实用性与实战： 这本书不是纯理论性的，而是提供了大量实用的技术和工作流程，旨在解决经验丰富的开发者也常遇到的知识空白。它被视为系统内部理论知识的“实践指南”。
- 附带的调试工具： 作者 Jonathan Levin 也开发了一套强大的调试工具（
jtrace,disarm,procexp,memento），并在书中进行了介绍和文档化。
目标读者：
- 系统级程序员
- 安全研究人员和逆向工程师
- 操作系统爱好者
- 计算机科学学生和教育者
- 工具开发者
总而言之，这是一本面向中高级技术人员的、专注于移动平台 ARM64 架构底层系统编程、调试和逆向工程的综合指南，由一位经验丰富的专家撰写，旨在填补该领域高质量书籍的空白。
User
Android Internals::A Confectioner’s Cookbook TOC ChangeLog Android Internals - A Confectioner’s CookBook Status (05/25/2022) Vol I: Done - v2.1 Vol II: Done Vol III: Still pretty far Vol IV: A bit closer Volume I : The Power User’s View Major rewrite for Android 11/12 - 440 pages, complete (now with Config chapter, too)
Changes/additions with respect to 1st edition shown in yellow
The original (ISBN: 978-0-9910555-2-4) remains free on this website (Thank you, CIA). The book underwent a complete rewrite (effectively, a 2nd edition). Updates to align with Android 11, and latest SD865, Exynos, MediaTek and Kirin devices About this book Overview and Reading Suggestion The AOSP Experiments Tools Conventions Used in this Book The Companion WebSite Introduction and evolution of the Android Architecture A technical overview of the Android architecture, evolution of its features, and forked derivatives Android Versions - From Cupcake to Marshmallow R (11.0) The Android Architecture Android vs. Linux: Notable differences Not just another Linux distribution And then came Android Commonalities and Divergences from Linux Obtaining and compiling Android The sources of Android Code AOSP AOSP external The Linux kernel Platform/BSP (vendor) ODM Carrier A high level view of the Android Architecture Applications The Android Frameworks Dalvik/Android Runtime JNI Native Binaries Native Libraries Bionic Omissions Additions Porting Challenges The Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL) The Traditional HAL (2.2-8.0) The Treble HAL (8.0+) The Linux kernel Linux kernel features Androidisms Drivers and Modules Generic Kernel Image (GKI) Android Derivatives FireOS, FireTV Android Wear Android Auto & Automotive Google Glass Headless Android Pondering the way ahead Hardware A new chapter providing a detailed introduction to the hardware of Android devices, with an emphasis on hardware abstraction and Project Treble compliance The ARM architecture Aarch32 and Aarch64 ARM architecture revisions Devices System on Chip (SoC) overview SoC vendors Qualcomm (Snapdragon) Samsung (Exynos) Huawei (Kirin) MediaTek (MTK) The Device Tree Firmware images Partitions & Filesystems Examining Android storage types and partitions, as well a detailed breakdown of directories and files in /system and /data. Partitioning scheme The Need for Separate Partitions Flash Storage Systems GUID Partitioning (GPT) A/B[/C] Slotted devices Dynamic partitioning (super.img) lpdumpd (Android 10+) Android Device Partitions Mountable Partitions System-as-root Supported filesystem types /vendor, /odm, /product - Division of responsibility Non-Mountable Partitions boot, vendor_boot and recovery dtbo frp misc vbmeta Chipset-specific Partitions Qualcomm cdt devinfo splash Samsung Huawei MediaTek Linux Pseudo-Filesystems bpf (/sys/fs/bpf) cgroupfs configfs debugfs functionfs (/dev/usb-ffs/adb) FUSE incrementalfs (11.0) overlayfs procfs (/proc) pstore (/sys/fs/pstore) sdcardfs/esdfs securityfs (/sys/fs/selinux) sysfs (/sys) tmpfs tracefs (/sys/kernel/debug/tracing)) Files & Directories A detailed breakdown of directories and files Android, up to and including Android 11 (Spun off from first edition’s discussion in Partitions & Filesystems chapter, and greatly expanded). The Root Filesystem /system /system/bin /system/lib[64] Core Libraries Other system libraries Framework support libraries External native libraries /system/etc /vendor /vendor/bin Qualcomm specific binaries Huawei specific binaries Samsung specific binaries MediaTek specific binaries /data (Excerpt) /data/data /data/misc /data/misc_ce and /data/misc_de /data/system /data/system_ce and /data/system_de /data/vendor /cache Storage Management Refactoring vold and OBB/ASEC, as well as adding new content on Storage* and APEX Mounting Mount options Loop mounting Bind mounting Mount namespaces fs_mgr The fstab files External Storage Portable Storage Adoptable Storage Scoped Storage (Android 10) Incremental FS (Android 11) Daemons vold StorageManager storaged storagestats devicestoragemonitor Protected filesystems Obb - Opaque Binary Blobs ASec - Android Secure Storage APEX - Android Pony EXpress (Android 10) apexd Execution Flow Additional Command Line Arguments The AIDL interface APEX and the linker configuration Android 11.0 modifications Android System Images & Updates Split from the older Chapter III, and greatly expanded Factory Images and OTA updates Factory Images OTA packages Samsung OTA Standardized Payload Formats Android Sparse Images super[_empty].img Block Based Updates (transfer.[dat|list]) Mounting Filesystem Images Android boot.img Vendor boot.img (11.0, GKI) Updates Fastboot Samsung: ODIN Updates via recovery The update_binary Updates on slotted (A/B) devices update_engine Generic System Images (Android 9+) gsid (Android 10+ Dynamic System Update (DSU) The dynamic_system service The Android boot process Generalizing the Android Boot process amongst vendors, and then focusing on vendor specifics The Boot ROM/PBL Second Stage/eXtensible Boot Loader Qualcomm (SD835+) UEFI Loader Samsung S-BOOT MediaTek Preloader The Android Boot Loader Little Kernel (32-bit, ARMv7 and ARMv8 non Qualcomm UEFI) (Generalized) LK execution flow LinuxLoader (Qualcomm UEFI) Boot loader locking The Linux Kernel Kernel Boot The RAM Disk (initramfs) The Boot Control HAL User mode startup - init and Zygote Init as watchdogd mounting filesystems System Properties Accessing properties Special namespace prefixes Property files PropertyInit() The property store The property_service The rc files Triggers, actions, and services init.rc syntax and command set (updated for 11.0) Command syntax Service option syntax Keychords Putting it all together Zygote Design Rationale Zygote32, Zygote64 and webview_zygote UnSpecialized Application Processes (USAPS, Android 10) Android Daemons, at a glance The Android Runtime services: Native Services chapter (formerly Chapter 5), has been removed, as now all daemons are covered, but each within its context The Android Service Architecture The Service call pattern Binder (an overview) A little history So what, exactly, is Binder? Using Binder 8.0+: The vndbinder and hwbinder Tracing Binder (bindump, etc) Service Manager, revisited The system_server architecture Handling services Startup and Flow A bird’s eye view of Android’s services Configuration & Management New chapter dealing with users, settings and more User Management The user service Account Management The accounts database The account service Configuration Settings config.xml and other files Overlays The device_config service Server Configurable Flags (10.0) The settings service The etc/sysconfig directories The system_config service (11.0) Mobile Device Management - Moved to Volume III Work profiles The device_policy service The restrictions service Android Applications through Linux Lens Monitoring and viewing Applications through the Linux command line Application during runtime (with /proc/task/..) Processes and threads in Android (and Linux) User mode memory management USS, PSS, RSS, VSS, etc procrank, librank, and /proc/../smaps Native binaries, libraries and ELF Tools Optimizations in Android native and Dalvik apps Logging, Statistics & Monitoring Android Logging logd Statistics statsd statscompanion The IStats HIDL Lesser Statistics Services Incident Reporting Vendor Diagnostics Qualcomm’s Diag (/dev/diag) Debugging Monitoring inotify ptrace(2)-based tools strace jtrace Using eBPF for tracing Power Management Native APIs The PowerManagerService and Friends Battery Monitoring Low-level CPU Control MultiCore Interrupt Affinity Governors Heterogeneous Multi-Processing (HMP) Scheduling Energy Aware Scheduling (EAS) Thermal Monitoring Linux kernel support Android support hardware_properties service thermalservice The thermal HAL Vendor thermal support Qualcomm Samsung Huawei MediaTek Case study: Google Pixel The Power HAL interface Power Management Statistics
Volume II: The Developer View - Available ! 360 pages Building Android from the source The AOSP Androidxref.com, android.googlesource.com, cs.android.com A whirlwind tour of Android projects The NDK Android.mk and Android.bp (soong) Cross compiling with custom Makefiles Android at a Native Level Bionic, in depth Native Level debugging, core dumps and tombstones Package Maintenance APK Components AndroidManifest.xml classes.dex resources.arsc Digital signatures on apps Runtime Resource Overlay (RRO) Package Installation Behind the scenes installd The package database Monitoring Packages Package statistics The PackageManagerService APK snapshots & rollback Anatomy of an an Android Application Break down and detail of APK and application components Application Components Activities Services Broadcast Receivers Content Providers JNI The need for native code Compiling JNI code Houdini - Briding the ARM/Intel divide Decompiling applications Application Internals Break down and detail the nooks of crannies of starting an app, and maintaining its lifecycle Runtime Primitives Looper Handler MessageQueue Zygote explained Accessing services from native code Activity Manager in depth Behind the scenes of the application lifecycle
Application Services Dalvik Internals The inner workings of Android’s Virtual Machine and bytecode format Dalvik vs. Java DEX, demystified Running DEX apps Dalvik’s JNI implementation Alternative Dalvik Implementations Android RunTime Internals ART - An alternative to Dalvik ART Components (The com.android.art APEX) The files: OAT, ART, CDEX, VDEX, etc The runtime Setup and initialization Support threads Compilation JIT Profiling/Tracing Memory allocators and Garbage Collection Binder, in depth A Brief Overview of Binder The App Developer’s Perspective - AIDL AIDL Syntax AIDL code generation The Parcel object The Parcel wire format The Framework Perspective - android.os.Binder Binder.java References Default Transactions 11.0: Extensions Death Notifications The JNI Layer The native code Perspective - libbinder.so RefBase: Strong and Weak Pointers The BpBinder and BBinder The native proxy and stub interfaces ProcessState and IPCThreadState Detailed case study: A Binder service in native code The Binder kernel interface The Binder character devices 11.0; BinderFS The ioctl(2) command set The BINDER_WRITE_READ ioctl(2) code Transactions Flattened Objects Binder Driver Internals Module initialization Device open Transactions in-kernel processing Kernel Driver State Thread Management Death Notifications Tracing & Debugging
Volume III: The [Hacker/Security Analyst]’s View This was chapter 8 in the 1st edition - but that was a long time ago, before TrustZone, Titan, AVB … and a host of Android exploits & APTs.. 5/31/2023: so far O(250) pages. Lots of work remains, but this, too, shall pass :-) Almost final TOC below - some chapters might be broken further Software-implemented security Linux Native Permissions AID ranges Treble and the return of passwd/group files SELinux SECCOMP-BPF Android Runtime permissions Appops Hardware-backed security TrustZone Theory & Design Vendor Implementations: Qualcomm: QSEE/QHEE MTK/Older Samsung: Mobicore Samsung: TEEGRIS Google: Trusty Beyond Trustzone: Hardware Security Modules Titan M/M2 Qualcomm SPU Authentication subsystems The Lock Screen (lock_settings service) The auth service The biometric service Face authentication (The face service) Encryption facilities DM-Crypt Ext4Crypt Keystore Linux keyrings Gatekeeper Integrity & Attestation Android Verified Boot AVB 1.0 AVB 2.0 AVBMeta tool DM-verity 11: App Integrity, File Interity (fs-verity) Samsung TIMA & Knox Google SafetyNet Introduction/Threat Modeling Android Lorem ipsum Threat Modeling Attack classes .. … Android Security Model Rooting Rooting Android using boot-to-root methods Prerequisite: OEM unlocking Android IOEMUnlock interface … Case Study: Magisk Malware Case Study: Intellexa’s “Alien” Vulnerability/Exploit case studies: (Jury’s still out on which of those I’ll use - comments/suggestions welcome) Linux Kernel: CVE-2021-1048 (epoll) or CVE-2022-0847 (Dirty Pipe) AOSP Linux Kernel: Bad Binder (CVE-2019-2215) and/or num_not_so_valid CVE-2020-0041 Vendor: Pixel 6 - Samsung’s MFC TrustZone: likely Trusty AOSP: (still looking for something nice here) Vendor: MTK-su and/or Boot chain vulnerability? Baseband: Samsung Exynos (Shannon) VoLTE/SIP vulns Appendices: Android App Hardening Guide Android System Hardening Guide Volume IV: The Implementer’s View HAL & Treble The Hardware Abstraction Layer (pre-Treble) hwservicemanager HIDL and Binderized HAL sensors/CHRE Oslo/Soli as a case study GPS Implementing a custom HAL module The Android Input Architecture The Linux Kernel Layer The Native Layer InputManager EventHub InputReader InputDispatcher The Dalvik Layer The Input Pipeline Getting tot the user callback Android Media The Audio Architecture Audio at the Linux Kernel level The Audio HAL Audio modules Audio policy modules Audio Effects AudioFlinger Media Player The Dalvik APIs Video Digital Rights Management The Android Graphics Architecture Android Graphics Architecture Graphics at the Linux Kernel Level Graphics at the Native Level SKIA OpenGLES RenderScript MinUI SurfaceFlinger StageFright Connectivity BlueTooth Android Beam & NFC Wi-Fi & Wi-Fi Direct wpa_supplicant WifiMonitor WifiNative WifiConfigStore WifiStateMachine VPN (Racoon and MTPd) Tethering and Mobile Access Point Kernel Layer: NetFilter User Mode support hostapd dnsmasq Detecting Network State Monitoring Data Usage Telephony Radio interface layer (phone) Location Android and USB Android as a USB Target Framework USB Target Support The Linux Gadget Driver ADB Authenticated ADB MTP/PTP Mass Storage Device RNDIS (USB Tethering) Android as a USB host Framework USB Host Support
这本书适合什么人物
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这本书是 Jonathan Levin 的另一部巨著，名为 Android Internals::A Confectioner's Cookbook。从它详细的目录和更新状态（到 Android 11/12）来看，这本书是为对 Android 操作系统底层原理和实现细节有深度兴趣和需求的人群准备的。
综合其内容和作者背景，这本书适合以下几类人物：
Android 系统级开发者（AOSP 开发者）
- 描述： 那些直接参与 Android 操作系统（AOSP - Android Open Source Project）开发、定制或维护的工程师。他们需要理解 Android 架构、HAL、系统服务、启动流程、进程间通信（Binder）等所有底层细节。
- 适合原因： 书中对 Android 架构的演进、内核特性、HAL（Treble HAL）、分区和文件系统、启动过程（从 Boot ROM 到 Init 和 Zygote）、Binder 机制以及各种系统服务的详细剖析，是 AOSP 开发者不可或缺的知识。
Android 框架开发者（Framework Developers）
- 描述： 开发 Android 框架层、SDK 组件或定制 ROM 的工程师。他们需要理解 Dalvik/ART 运行时、JNI、PackageManagerService、ActivityManagerService 等核心组件的内部工作方式。
- 适合原因： 卷二“The Developer View”专注于应用程序的构建、原生层开发、Dalvik/ART 运行时、Binder 机制的开发者视角，以及应用程序生命周期管理，都与框架开发紧密相关。
Android 安全研究员和逆向工程师（Security Researchers & Reverse Engineers）
- 描述： 专注于 Android 系统漏洞挖掘、恶意软件分析、数字取证或应用程序加固的专家。
- 适合原因： 卷三“The [Hacker/Security Analyst]’s View”专门覆盖了软件和硬件安全机制（SELinux, TrustZone, Titan M, AVB）、认证子系统、加密、威胁建模、Rooting 技术（如 Magisk 案例研究）、以及各种漏洞/利用案例分析。这对于理解 Android 安全模型和进行攻防研究至关重要。
硬件抽象层 (HAL) 开发者 / 芯片厂商工程师
- 描述： 负责为特定硬件（如高通、三星、联发科芯片）开发 Android 驱动和 HAL 层的工程师。
- 适合原因： 书中对硬件（SoC）、设备树、固件镜像、以及 Treble HAL 的深入探讨，特别是卷四“The Implementer’s View”详细讨论了 HAL 的实现和各种硬件相关的模块（如传感器、GPS、多媒体、图形、连接性、电源管理），是这部分人员的宝贵资源。
高级移动应用开发者（追求极致性能和问题排查）
- 描述： 那些希望深入理解其 Android 应用在底层如何运行、如何进行性能优化、或需要排查复杂系统级问题的资深应用开发者。
- 适合原因： 卷一和卷二中关于内存管理、进程/线程、日志、统计、调试以及 Dalvik/ART 内部原理的知识，有助于他们编写更高效、更稳定的应用，并更好地理解和解决运行时问题。
计算机科学学生和教育者（专注于操作系统或移动系统）
- 描述： 希望深入学习现代移动操作系统实现细节的学生，或教授相关课程的教师。
- 适合原因： 这本书提供了非常详尽的细节，可以作为高级操作系统课程或移动系统课程的补充材料，帮助学生将理论知识与实际的 Android 架构联系起来。
简而言之，这本书不适合 Android 应用开发的初学者，而是为那些有志于深入 Android 系统底层、理解其运作机制、进行系统级开发、安全分析或硬件相关工作的专业人士而写。
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Type / to search Code Issues 2 Pull requests Discussions Actions Projects Security Insights Owner avatar awesome-android-aosp Public Akipe/awesome-android-aosp Go to file t Name Akipe Akipe Merge pull request #3 from Akipe/dev d32ac9e · 2 years ago .editorconfig Add initial basic skeleton 2 years ago .gitattributes Add initial basic skeleton 2 years ago channel_videos.md Add resources and listing videos from some youtube channels 2 years ago code-of-conduct.md Add initial basic skeleton 2 years ago contributing.md Add initial basic skeleton 2 years ago license Add initial basic skeleton 2 years ago official_documentation.md Change some titles names 2 years ago readme.md add resources 2 years ago Repository files navigation README Code of conduct CC0-1.0 license Awesome Android AOSP Awesome A collection of Android AOSP system (Android Open Source Project) and ROM development related resources.
This collection does not concern the development of application, there is a awesome list concerning this case at JStumpp/awesome-android.
Inspired by many awesome list like sindresorhus/awesome.
This project is in work in progress !!! Some links may be not valid or not so useful.
Contributions are welcome! I am looking for any kind of information that can help in the development of Android ROM. Don’t hesitate to participate to make pull requests and or to exchange in the issues. You can read the contribution guidelines to know how to help me.
English is not my primary language, there might be some language mistakes (feel free to correct them!).
There are also other nice resources references available on this repository :
pages from the official AOSP Android documentation : official_documentation.md videos from some interesting video channel : channel_videos.md Contents Contents Learning Where to start (complete guide) Specific point Introduction General Building Automation Device tree Storage Trebble Android Framework Kernel Reverse engineering Qualcomm MediaTek Sony Other vendors Blob and dump Reverse Engineering Feature Telephony Encryption Bluetooth Graphics Audio Time Customization Security SELinux Audio App integration Optimization Android CTS/VTS & test Treble GSI Debugging Magisk Vendor specific Qualcomm MediaTek Raspberry Pi Samsung Google Motorola Other vendors Rom specific TWRP LineageOS ArrowOS OmniROM Other Hardware Learning tools C language Bash & shell Git, Gerrit & merging GNU Make Soong Other Ninja build Reverse Engeenering IDA ghidra Formation Documentation Qualcomm Sony Video Channel Information Devices databases Tools General Generator Extractor/Repack/Patcher Kernel Blob & vendor Conversion Informations Debugging Partitions, storage & data Magisk Drivers Other Vendor specific Nexus LG MediaTek Qualcomm Samsung Sony Huawei (and Honor) Xiaomi Motorola Other Users scripts Books Online groupes Telegram channel Discord group Forum Other Groups News Vendors sources Blob GApps ROMs Sources example Device project Related awesome Todo Contributing Learning Where to start (complete guide) It is recommended to start with the official documentation available at https://source.android.com/ & https://developer.android.com/.
There is a summary available in this project for navigate more easily and find more quickly what you search : official_documentation.md.
There are also nice complete guide in videos available at channel_videos.md.
Android Porting Guidebook (2015/unfinished) - An (incomplete) guide book for porting Android ROM. Android OS Internals / AOSP Mobile ROM Development (udemy/not free) - Mobile Development. Android OS Internals / AOSP Automotive ROM Development (udemy/not free) - Android Automotive. Android OS Internals / AOSP in Depth (udemy/not free) - Deep OS Analysis, Android Startup, AMS, WMS, System UI and more. Android ROM Development From Source To End (2022) - The ultimate guide for ROM development starting from source to end. How to build Android…. Where do I start? (2019/video) - Where newcomers should start. Linux Device Driver Programming Using Beaglebone Black (kernel/udemy/not free) - Foundation course on practical Linux device driver programming AOSP - Android OS Internals Series (recent/video playlist) - Explore Android 12 from an AOSP point of view. Beginners guide to programming C, C++, Bash, Python, java Specific point You may find also information at official_documentation.md and at channel_videos.md
Introduction Android Getting Started Guide (2015) Beginners Guide to Android ROM Development (2013) Introduction to AOSP (2022) AOSP Introduction : AOSP Source Code Analysis Lecture 1 (2022/video) Getting Started | AOSP Rom Development (2020) Android rom building made easy - a beginers Guide part 1 part 2 (2017/video) Android: What is… (video playlist) Android device configuration for AOSP How To Setup And Use Fastboot Android Platform (AOSP) Development (Part 1): Getting Started General Android Tools (Github) (2021) - Contains public guides and scripts tailored for custom Android Development. AOSP Part 3: Developing Efficiently (2014) AOSP: Advanced Development Tricks (2021) How to build Custom ROMs and Kernels![10,P,O,N,M,L] (2019) Intermediate to Advanced Custom Rom and Kernel Building (2019) Building AOSP, fastbooting on device (2018) Some problems that can occur while rom compilation and their solutions(especially for lettuce) (2019) Embedded Android (old/pdf) AOSP Build References (2022/video playlist) Building My Product on Android Open Source Project (2015/pdf) Android System Development (old/pdf) Android System Development (2019/pdf) Android Hacks, Variants, Tricks and Resources (old/pdf) Android Cookbook: AOSP Custom ROM Building 201 (2013) Android Cookbook: AOSP ROM Building 102 (2013) Complete Android ROM development and essential tutorials (2013) How To Port ROMS to Your Device [AOSP] (2013) Create your Own Custom ROM an easy way (2016) Create own ROM (for any Android device) (2013) All you need to know to build Android from scratch! (2018) AOSP Build Guide (2018/video) Building AOSP (2021) Android Build System Ultimate Guide (2013) A practical approach to the AOSP build system (2012) AOSP Build System (2019) AOSP System Image (2019) Android internals (old/video playlists) android internals (2012/video playlist) How to port roms in Windows (2019) Android Internals (2010/video) Porting to custom hardware (2010/pdf) Porting Android to New Hardware (2011/pdf) AN11690 - NXP NCI Android Porting Guidelines (2020/pdf) Industrialize your ROM cooking: good practices (old/pdf) Make your first custom Rom- easiest way How to port roms to your Device How To Port Different Roms to Your Device - For CM, AOSP & AOKP [Development] [Source] [Noob] [Friendly] Porting Roms between two similar devices How To Port a Custom Rom How to port ROMS Install a Linux OS alongside almost any Android device Complete Shell Script Flashable Zip Replacement + Signing Android system init process startup and init.rc full analysis Android Gpio use cases by controlling LED What is inside the init.rc and what is it used for. The init process and init.rc (archive) Collection of ’em all - build.prop; init.d; etc. How to modify app preferences with adb How to Compile AOSPA from Source : + Support and Maintenance How to build an unsupported rom using sources from other roms A Simple Way to (kind of) Dual Boot an Android Keep apps running in background via crond Hands-On Exercises for Embedded Android [2020] Android 3rd Party Recordings opersys [2015] [playlist] Understanding the Android Source Code Build Rom From Source A COMPLETE ANDROID DEVELOPMENT GUIDE FOR NEWBIES Building the Android Open Source Project BOOT FROM SD CARD on QMobile Z8 with BRICKED/DEAD eMMC Building Learning about the Android Build Process AOSP Part 1: Get the code using the Manifest and Repo tool AOSP Part 2: Build variants Switching to a custom toolchain Tutorial: Android Internals - Building a Custom ROM, Pt. 1 of 2 (Youtube) Building The Android Open Source Project 1 (archive), 2, 3, 4 Prebuilt apk in Build | AOSP Rom Development Setting Up Build Environment | AOSP Rom Development Anatomy of cross-compilation toolchains Building Android O with a Mac Building AOSP on macOS How to Build Android ROMs on Ubuntu 16.04 How to build ROM with Google Cloud How to import the sources to Android Studio / IntelliJ AOSP: Source Code, Repo, Git AOSP Emulator Guide Android AOSP Source Code Download and Build Envsetup.sh configuration lunch for Android development (translate) (original link) Detailed explanation of Android compilation system (1) - build/envsetup.sh (translate) (original link) Notes on GCC 7.x+ for Android Android Build System Building Custom Roms VirtualBox How to build Android from source (2020 edition) how to make a flashable package (update.zip) Compiling ROMs from Compressed Sources Set up ADB and Fastboot on a Mac easily How to build Android 11 with low ram Noobs guide to decompile/recompile android application Create your own UPDATE.ZIP Set Up A Build Environment On Android Cygwin-Linux Cross-Compiler nano Android static build instructions Build Custom ROM in windows 10 (WSL2) How to build Android on Windows How To Compile Rom From Source full guide step by step Compile make_ext4fs, simg2img and img2simg using mingw Compile busybox on Linux Compile busybox (Magisk) for Android with ndk Cross compile fstrim for Android on Ubuntu 18.10 How to compile rsync for Android in Ubuntu Learn about the repo tool , manifests and local manifests and 5 important tips ! Repo Command Reference [official] Building LineageOS for your device Automation Use Github Action to compile Recovery Device tree Device Tree Reference How to adapt your Device Tree to aosp and compile AOSP-11 from source Full Guide how to compile AOSP-10 from source and adapt device tree to pure aosp full guide Android Framework - Device Tree in Android Creating a device tree from scratch How to make a device-tree for your phone AOSP Folder Description Android Device Tree Bringup The method of independently compiling the device tree multi-file multi-dts dependency (translate) (original link) How to create Device tree for Android Rom building Storage Universal guide for making your partitions inside super read-writable again. SuperPatcherGSI Automated Script for patching the super partition Allow SDCard write access & switch SDCard Path Trebble How to make GSIs overlay file for your phone GSI Porting Tools for Android Guide For Flashing GSIs for all Android devices (2021) How to port A system image to AB (system-as-root) How to build a Project Treble GSI ROM from source? Android Framework Fundamental of Android Framework Android Binder Framework AndroidManifest.xml Android’s HIDL: Treble in the HAL Connecting a native HIDL (Project Treble) to a Custom System Service What is HIDL ? System Service In AOSP Android: Unix Domain Socket Get Android System write permission RRO (Runtime Resource Overlay) in Android AOSP Android AIDL Deep Dive Android Boot Process Android HIDL and Project Treble Project Treble. What Makes Android 8 different? Kernel Android kernel from scratch using latest stable from kernel.org? The Linux Kernel : Rebasing and merging How to get an Android kernel up to date with linux-stable Linux kernel merge notes How to Rebase a Kernel Linux Device Tree Pinctrl Tutorial How to compile an Android kernel Android kernel development start working on android kernel from scratch add kernel commits history qlcom devices part 1 How To Build Android Kernel With Features How to Build Linux Kernel with Android How to compile any Android stock kernel Kernel For Newbies how to upstream the android kernel Linux debugging, profiling, tracing and performance analysis Real-time Linux with PREEMPT_RT How to Upstream Android kernel? Working with Android Kernel from Scratch How to Update your Android Kernel to Latest Linux Stable Android Kernel Features Android Kernel Download Linux kernel and driver development course Android 8.0 learning — modular kernel (translate) (original link) Linux kernel device tree and compilation (translate) (original link) KernelNewbies: KernelBuild Compiling an Android kernel with Clang Captronic Porting Linux on an ARM board (pdf) Android Kernel Configs Build Your Own Android Kernel Kernel Post Compilation Guide; how to turn kernel into img Kernel Building - Essentials | Build a Kernel Easily Compile your own android kernel from source Compile an Android kernel module outside the kernel source tree. Compile our own Android Kernel in 5 Simple Steps Building the android kernel (Mac OS) Automated Linux Kernel CVE Patcher How Do Linux Kernel Drivers Work? Governors explained Reverse engineering Reverse engineer kernel Qualcomm Codeaurora how to git merge release tag onto kernel/msm-4.4? Merge Latest CAF Tags in Your Custom Kernel Merge latest CAF Tag in Kernel How to merge a newer CAF tag in an android kernel How to merge a newer CAF tag in an android kernel Porting Kernel Source to Snapdragon Device brcmfmac wifi driver & qcwcn libs for MSM8974-based devices like Sony Shinano MediaTek A Noob Guide On Building Your Own Custom Kernel (ARM & ARM64 & MTK) A Noob Guide On Building Your Own Custom Kernel on WIN10 Building a Kernel from source {Mediatek} Sony How to Build AOSP Pie Custom ROM for Xperia Devices Other vendors Compile a custom android kernel for Asus ROG Phone 2 using clang 10 How to port a newer kernel to android-x86? Custom Kernel on 96boards Hikey LeMaker Blob and dump Extract vendor from stock firmware (Sony Xperia Z7 Premium) Making Dump Files Out of Android Device Partitions Vendor Blob Extraction (v2) old version How To Extract Your Stock Firmware from Your Android Device Find out which shared libs (.so) are missing ldd equivalent on android What are blobs and HALs? What are Blobs on Android? Guide for full firmware extractors How to Decompile APKs with ODEX files How to easily edit/modify .apk files Working with proprietary blobs Android definition-tool (vndk-lib-extra-list) Android Backup and Restore Tools How to Unpack and Repack .CPB firmware/stock Rom [video] How to unpack and repack boot.img Camera2 API, SHIM, and HAL 3.2 in Android 5.1 An In-Depth Capitulation of Why MSM8974 Devices Are Excluded from Nougat Android’s HIDL: Treble in the HAL [2018] [video] Android Framework - Creating custom HIDL in Android [2022] [video] Android Treble: Blessing or Trouble? [2018] [video] Re-Odex a Rom Reverse Engineering Reverse Engineering for Beginners Old version Patching your own init and sepolicy Discovering, reverse-engineering and using vendor HALs On Device Debug! IDA+GDB trace automagic.apk Cameras in Custom ROMs: How Developers Make Hardware Work without Source Code Example commit : add camera params shim patch adbd to run as root Getting ADB root access on a Tolino Patching the adb daemon to run as root Intro to Android App Reverse Engineering workshop Github Android Attributes Value Name Android Keycodes Code Name API Android Versions fastboot oem sha1sum Feature Telephony Enable VoLTE trhough modem mod (NV Items) Android Telephony Basics Remove HD ICON (IMS) How to ENABLE VOLTE in any ONEPLUS device in Philippines Encryption Revisiting Android disk encryption Analysis of Android cryptfs Bluetooth Improve Bluetooth audio quality on headphones without aptX or LDAC Graphics KCAL - Advanced color control for Qualcomm MDSS 8x10/8x26/8974/8084/8939 Adreno idler, an idling algorithm for devfreq-based Adreno devices Audio Omni SoundPacks Enable HI-RES (24bits and over 48kHz sampling) on Xiaomi Redmi Note 9’s family Time Update time zone data / tzdata / zoneinfo Customization OnePlus FingerPrint Material Icons How to Change Boot Logo (Splash Screen) for Snapdragon Devices Change Boot Logo for Exynos Samsung devices How to change the official samsung splash/boot screen/logo Make Your Own Bootanimations Introductory Guide To Theming How to make your own boot animations (with sound if you want) How to change the default wallpaper when creating a Custom ROM? How to create and install android bootanimations from scratch The Definitive APK Modding and Theming Thread Ultimate Guide Decompiling Theming Add N-Style to your Theme + APK Make your own Themes for your Samsung device How to theme Lollipop and Marshmallow ROMs How to use your own handwriting as a font in android Security Building and flashing a secured AOSP build with verified boot and separate lockscreen password for the Nexus 5X Signing Builds Passing SafetyNet Hardware Attestation on Stock (OEM) ROMs avbtool-arm Keeping SafetyNet Passing With Incremental Google OTA on Virtual A/B Devices Signing boot images for Android Verified Boot (AVB) Reflections on Trusting TrustZone [pdf] SELinux How to examine Android SELinux policy Working with SELinux on Android SELinux for Android 8.0 Netflix broken DRM workaround instructions (Nexus 7 2013) Audio Fix Bluetooth Audio A2DP & aptX in any GSI ROM Fix Bluetooth Audio & aptX & Bluetooth in call in GSI ROM App integration How to Port OEM Apps / Vendor Apps to Your Current ROM System App In Android System App In Android Optimization Speed up your app Timing Boot Time Reduction Technique Low-RAM Property Patcher for Android Learn to Overclock and Undervolt your phone Android CTS/VTS & test How to build android cts? And how to add and run your test case? Android VTS Android CTS Android System Stability Basics Android CTS Treble GSI How to build a Project Treble GSI ROM from source? Debugging Battery Status: Android How to Find App UID Make Android Application Debugging Easier with STrace Android Debug Bridge Fundamentals Can I enable USB debugging using adb? Enable ADB from recovery 7 Strace Examples to Debug the Execution of a Program in Linux Strace outil de dépannage Linux / debugging Strace et Ltrace : tracez les appels systèmes et librairies Android Log Analysis How to Acquire Logs Proper AOSP bug reporting Troubleshooting examples Errors - Common or Not How to take system logcats, kernel logs, and dmesg on Android HOW TO USE ADB,DDMS AND TAKE A LOGCAT Using ADB and fastboot How to get useful logs How to get & read a logcat/ Troubleshoot your own issues Authorize ADB for a non-booting device Most complete ADB command manual How to enable/disable Android logcat when using a custom kernel Debugging IO on Android How to find Android deprecated API ADB Workshop and Guide for everyone What You Know about Rosie? Want to learn how to theme? Simple methods to get LOGCAT, DMESG Easiest How to use adb, logcat, etc for noobs and newbies How To Logcat How to make a LOGCAT Howto LOGCAT Android Fatal signal 11 (SIGSEGV) at 0x636f7d89 (code=1). How can it be tracked down? (how dumping hard error) Magisk How to patch classes.dex (SMALI) with a Magisk Module Vendor specific Qualcomm Qualcomm’s Chain of Trust CAF’s Android for MSM Software Build and Installation Guide, Linux Android (Qualcomm) Adreno and Vulkan drivers for Snapdragon 820/1 Hardware rendering of SurfaceFlinger on Qualcomm Adreno GPUs How does someone find which CAF tag of the camera HAL is closest to stock one? / CameraWrapper Qualcomm Code Aurora caf-manifest tags How do I compile Android 4.4.2 for Qualcomm MSM systems? The Compilation Process of Qualcomm Projects written by Beginners Little Kernel Boot Loader Overview (pdf) Qualcomm® Snapdragon™ 410 processor, sensors Porting Guide (2015/pdf) Qualcomm® Snapdragon™ 410 processor, Interfacing Grove Digital Light I2C Sensor, Application Note (2016/pdf) Qualcomm® Snapdragon™ 410 processor, Software Build and Installation Guide, Linux Android (2016/pdf) Trying to use freedreno/turnip on Adreno 616 Qualcomm Audio/Usb DAC Optimization, Spl monitor, Biquad Helper Unbricking and QPST - All Snapdragon / Qualcomm devices Ultimate Qualcomm Snapdragon Unbrick Guide, Snapdragon’s are UNBRICKABLE How to Use Qualcomm Flash Image Loader (QFIL) Unbrick Qualcomm via QFIL: Using rawprogram0.xml, patch0.xml, MBN How to use QFIL to flash Qualcomm (QLM) firmware How to return to Stock/Flash Images with QFIL How to use Qualcomm Flash Image Loader (QFIL) How To Unbrick Qualcomm Android Devices Unbrick via external sdcard (no QFIL!) Unbrick Qualcomm Mobiles with Step-by-step Guide How to fix bugs in custom rom (Qualcomm) Optimize GPU 60FPS and CPU processors Qualcomm snapdragon Analysis of Qualcomm Secure Boot Chains Exploiting Qualcomm EDL Programmers: Gaining Access & PBL Internals Storage-based Attacks & Rooting Memory-based Attacks & PBL Extraction Runtime Debugger Breaking Nokia 6’s Secure Boot Secure boot and image authentication in mobile tech (Qualcomm) Secure Boot and Image Authentication (Technical Overview) [pdf] Notes about Qualcomm Secure Boot and Motorola High Assurance Boot How to reboot to EDL from fastboot NO Recovery mode, No download mode, after OTA on rooted LG G2 (& other devices) How to port twrp to qualcomm devices. MSM8909 Service Rom From Source / QPST Root + Unlock + Unbrick Building Qualcomm modem from sources (msm8626) MSM8909 Service Rom From Source / QPST Root + Unlock + Unbrick How to Enable Qualcomm Diagnostic Mode How to program eMMC images into blank flash with USB only in MSM7630 i.MX Yocto Project User’s Guide (Qualcomm based) [2022] [pdf] MediaTek How To Port TWRP For MediaTek Android Devices How To Port TWRP To A/B Partitioned Devices (MediaTek) How to Decode LCM for Mediatek Devices How To Port & Modify Roms For Mediatek So what’s all this talk about Mediatek Secure Boot and DA files? How to bypass authentication and flash in EDL with NO auth for FREE Dissecting a MediaTek BootROM exploit How to port TWRP Recovery to Mediatek Devices MTK ADB, Use ADB directly on your device Make Custom ROM + Add ROOT for Unbranded Chinese Tablet Port/Make Custom Recovery For Any Spreadtrum OR Mediatek Devices It’s now easy to bypass MediaTek’s SP Flash Tool authentication How to use MTK Bypass to backup or flash secure boot MTK How to bypass authentication and flash in EDL with NO auth Minimal Porting Guide For MTK 64BIT Devices Manually splitting an MTK firmware (dump) [video] MTK based tools to customize/split firmware Create Scatter File and Dump Full ROM [MT65xx] Amazing Temp Root for MediaTek ARMv8 Raspberry Pi Android On Raspberry Pi Samsung How To Build CyanogenMod For Samsung Galaxy Note 4 International (“trltexx”) How To Build CyanogenMod For Samsung Galaxy Note 4 T-Mobile (“trltetmo”) Remove FRP Lock on Samsung with Combination File (Odin) how to build/modify roms for samsung devices How to make a System Dump from Odin-packages Exploiting Android S-Boot: Getting Arbitrary Code Exec in the Samsung Bootloader Restore stock firmware on the Galaxy A7 (2018) using Linux (and heimdall) Google Android Cookbook: Nexus Device Hacking 101 Connect USB peripherals to your Nexus One Motorola Downgrade Motorola Devices Motorola Flashing Utilities and Firmware (Unbrick Your Moto) Motorola Stock Firmware Using Fastboot.exe with Motorola devices How to Firmware Restore your Motorola Device on Windows 10 without RSDlite Un/locking Motorola Bootloader Emergency Download Mode Recovering from a hard brick Motorola Firmware XML to Bat Converter Tool for Windows P2K Tools How download latest fastboot firmware with Lenovo Moto Smart Assistant Other vendors Building and Deploying Android AOSP 6.01 for the Wandboard Device Tree overlays and U-boot extension board management How To Build LineageOS For Barnes & Noble Nook Color (“encore”) Cara Port Custom ROM AOSP | Android 10 Embedded Linux boot time reduction course Understanding the Linux graphics stack Buildroot development course Yocto Project and OpenEmbedded development course Embedded Linux system development course Getting Freedreno Turnip (Mesa Vulkan Driver) on a Poco F3 All about Spreadtrum Bootloader Unlocking on older Qualcomm ZTE Devices Unbrick Tutorial For The OnePlus 3T Unbrick Oneplus One OnePlus One / Two / 3 / 3T / 5 Mega UNBRICK Guide + TWRP Flashing Modding the Redmi Note 8 Pro — An Adventure FM Radio app by HTC: Reverse Engineer emmc basic knowledge from micromedia sttsi Rom specific TWRP How to create twrp device tree from scratch How to DIY Port TWRP for Android How to compile TWRP from source step by step Compile LineageOS TWRP: Setting up minimal LineageOS TWRP TWRP Flags for BoardConfig.mk How to compile TWRP touch recovery TWRP standard device files for Qualcomm SoCs decryption How generate TWRP with TwrpBuilder TWRP tree from scratch Android.mk : a set of tag Compile TWRP How to compile TWRP touch recovery TWRP 3.0.X for Mediatek Devices. LineageOS How To Port CyanogenMod/LineageOS Android To Your Own Device How to adapt a LineageOS device tree for AOSP How-to Build LineageOS How To Port CyanogenMod Android To Your Own Device (archive wiki) How to port SONY Small Apps to Any Device Cm Based Roms Building LineageOS for an Unsupported Device ArrowOS ArrowOS Compilation guide OmniROM OmniROM - Porting Omni to your device Other Building Alternative Recoveries Definitive FAQ for newest miui Build or Port MIUI ROM to Any Device How to port manufacturer ROM (Sense/Touchwizz…) How to Build OrangeFox Recovery on a fox_6.0 Easiest way to port ParanoidAndroid Rom Definitive FAQ for newest miui porting How to port sense to non-HTC devices. Porting rom to MDPI FROM MIUI AND HDPI The Comprehensive AOKP Building Guide Compile CWM Recovery Hardware All about SD CARDS - which one, why and how Learning tools C language The C Beginner’s Handbook: Learn C Programming Language basics in just a few hours Bash & shell There is also an awesome list with more resources : awesome-shell.
Bash Commands and Tips for Beginners to Experts Linux Git, Gerrit & merging There is also awesome lists with more resources : awesome-git, Git and Git Flow Cheat Sheet and git-tips.
How AOSP Security Patches are merged into Android Custom ROMs? How-To Cherry-Pick Features for your ROM (both Github and Gerrit) Oh Shit, Git!?! Git Immersion Become a git guru Git For Newbies Using Gerrit code review Working with git bisect - To allows you to find out specifically which change or commit caused a particular issue. git-cherry-pick documentation GitHub and GitLab How to make your own repos to send us How to use Github Understanding and using Gerrit GNU Make There is also an awesome list with more resources : awesome-make
GNU Autotools: a tutorial Soong Soong readme - Official documentation from Google. Other Odin on Linux Ninja build The Ninja build system Reverse Engeenering EVERYONE in Cyber Security Should Understand Reversing (its EASY) [2023] [video] Simple Tools and Techniques for Reversing a binary [2016] [video] Reverse Engineering #0 - Comment bien débuter et gagner du temps [2021] [french/video] Self-Learning Reverse Engineering in 2022 [video] Introduction to Firmware Reversing [video] Patching Binaries (with vim, Binary Ninja, Ghidra and radare2) In-depth: ELF - The Extensible & Linkable Format [video] android-scripts - Collection of Android reverse engineering scripts that makes life easier. Frida Operation Manual - Android Environment Preparation [orginal language] Preliminary Exploration of Android Ransomware Virus [original link] IDA Debugging Dalvik programs with IDA [pdf] IDA – Remote debugging d’un process sous Android/Arm (Part1) [french] ghidra How to reverse engineer JNI in Android with Ghidra ghidra-jni Reverse engineering with #Ghidra: Breaking an embedded firmware encryption scheme Reverse engineering with ghidra [playlist] Ghidra quickstart & tutorial: Solving a simple crackme Formation Android Internals (not free) bootlin training (not free) Opersys training (not free) Documentation Android Open Source Project - Official documentation for Android AOSP Android Code Search LineageOS wiki XDA Forum : Android Development and Hacking XDA Forum : XDA-University XDA Forum : Android Software Development XDA : All guides at one place Archlinux : How build Android - Steps for building Android on Archlinux (and maybe other distributions). Projekt ScriBt wiki (XDA thread & sources) bootlin documentation Halium newandroidbook.com HTC : Analyzing the WeakSauce Exploit HTCt : Analyzing the WeakSauce Exploit KindleFS : Reconstructing the FireOS file system Nexus9 : Notes from a Nexus 9 Sboot : DisARMing the Samsung S6E boot loader aboot : Reverse Engineering Android’s Aboot arm Developer documentation Linux kernel Backport wiki Linux kernel Wireless wiki Qualcomm Developer documentation JCRDoc - Wiki designed to contain errors and fixes for android build errors. Qualcomm Qualcomm Android Source Realease Sony Guides and Resources for Sony Xperia™ & AOSP Open Devices : Guides & Resources (Sony devices) Video Channel List of videos of this channels are available at channel_videos.md.
AlaskaLinuxUser AKLU Android & Linux Development (@remainder30000) Dimple S Haikal Luthfianino Balukia OSP »» Android OS »» ROM »» Android Development opersys Information Devices databases Device Info HW Database J’s Android Device Database Kimovil PHONEDB PHONEDB - Processor Tools Tools for helping development of Android Rom
General Android MADkitchen (careful!) (virustotal) - Fork of the ASSAYYED KITCHEN for Windows (be careful). aosp-merger ASSAYYED KITCHEN (direct link) - A set of tool for cooking Android on Windows. mAid (sources) - An easy and ready-to-use Linux distribution for developing Android. Projekt Scribt (XDA thread) - ROM envsetup, sync and build script for learning developers. Building from source Any ROM Easy EDL Flashing Tool AABox2 - Frp Unlock tool. Android Advanced Box - Frp Unlock tool. Android Script Creator DroidFlasher GSD Android Tool Pack of static Linux binaries for ARM/Android TOOL ALL IN ONE f2fs-tools for cygwin Universal A/B-cloner PC/GSI Build Automation Toolkit FRP Destroyer Android Ultimate Toolbox Pro ClassyKitchen ROM2box [sources] - All in one FRP, Flashing & unlocking tool. firehorse - Research & Exploitation framework for Qualcomm EDL Firehose programmers edlrooter - Root exploit for Google Nexus 6 using a leaked Qualcomm Emergency Download (EDL) Mode programmer. Poison Kitchen IDE - A powerful IDE for android ROM development. ADBTouchScreenControl [source] - Control a device with a broken screen. Android Toolkit [sources] BlueStacks MultiTool Toybox ATA GUI - App manager, debloat tool and more. Fastboot Unbrick Maker (FUM) Android_Unlocker [sources] JURASSIC Universal Android Tool DualBootPatcher repo) - Official tool for managing Android Git repositories. Generator TwrpBuilder - Generate twrp device tree just using recovery.img and build.prop. twrpdtgen (doc) - Create a TWRP device tree only from an Android recovery stock image ROM. aospdtgen - Create a LineageOS-compatible device tree from an Android stock ROM dump made with dumpyara. Extractor/Repack/Patcher abootimg - Manipulate Android boot images. Android Deodexer - For deodex odexed android firmwares. Android Image Kitchen - Unpack/repack kernel and recovery images, and edit the ramdisk. bootimgtool - Unpack/pack Android boot.img. dextra - An alternative to dexdump for displaying information about .dex files. Firmware Extraction - Regroupment of available firmware extractors. imjtool - A quick extractor of Android images. ROME - [ROM] [E]xtractor, a simple GUI for extracting custom and stock ROMs containing. Universal Deodexer V5 DJBTool kpack mmcblk0 Extractor ANDROID_IMG_REPACK_TOOLS Henry’s unpacker - unpack repack system/vendor images Multi Image Kitchen Dex Manager DexPatcher TurkDevs İmage Kitchen unmkbootimg payload_dumper.py update_payload_extractor IMG Patch Tools Firmware_extractor apk.sh [sources] - Makes reverse engineering Android apps easier. apktool [sources] IDA [Pro] mkbootimg_tools [help] APK-Patcher - Flashable Zip Template for Modifying System APKs On-Device from Recovery. Jancox Tool Unpack Repack ROMs [sources 1,2,3,4/android,linux,windows/download] - For unpacking and repacking ROMs. GNU Nano editor v2.2.6 for Android LazyFlasher [sources] - the swiss army knife of flashing custom kernels. AnyKernel3 [sources/download] Flashable Zip Template for Kernel Releases with Ramdisk Modifications. Unpack Repack System.img & System.new.dat simg2img - Convert Android sparse images to raw images. IMG Patch Tools - sdat2img for OTA zips. Carliv Image Kitchen Android System Extraction and Repack Tool [sources/download] Kernel best-caf-kernel.py - Finding the best CAF tag for a vendor kernel. Kernel Rebaser Script - Rebase an OEM kernel to Android Common Kernel base. Toolchain build scripts - A set of script for building kernel with LLCM, clang. bldgcc - Builds GCC and binutils for exclusively building kernels. Automated Linux Kernel CVE Patcher Kernel Buildinator [sources] - Automating as much part as possible of Kernel compiling process. Blob & vendor Android-Blob-Utility (sources) - Easily find which proprietary blobs is needed. aosp-missing-blobs - Identify required blobs that are missing from AOSP ROM builds with dependencies. DumprX - Firmware extractor based on dumpyara. dumpyara - Dumping vendor and Android content of a device. dumpyara (Python) - Like dumpyara but code in Python. ldcheck - Check dependencies and missing for a blob file. Apktool Automated Device/Vendor Tree Deblobber Ghidra [sources] - A software reverse .engineering (SRE) framework androguard - Reverse engineering and pentesting for Android applications. Dexcalibur - An Android reverse engineering platform focus on instrumentation automation. androidre - Reverse engineering Android. gnirehtet - Provides reverse tethering for Android. Simplify - Generic Android Deobfuscator. Bytecode Viewer - A lightweight user-friendly Java/Android Bytecode Viewer, Decompiler & More. Dobby - A lightweight, multi-platform, multi-architecture hook framework. Uber Apk Signer - A tool that helps to sign, zip aligning and verifying multiple Android application packages. APKiD - Gives you information about how an APK was made. APK Studio [source] - IDE for reverse-engineering Android application packages. INZ APKTool - Easy and Small application for Decompiling/Recompiling APK, DEX and JAR files. dogbolt.org - An online decompiler explorer. godbolt.org - Compiler explorer. radare2 - UNIX-like reverse engineering framework and command-line toolset. Conversion hidl2aidl - For Converting an existing HAL from HIDL to AIDL. OMC Decoder Encoder Informations Device Info HW (playstore/paid version) - A hardware and software information app for Android devices. TrustDevice-Android (izzyondroid)- Get informations about security and other. Codec Info (playstore/izzyondroid) - Detailed listing of multimedia codecs on your Android device. TrebleInfo (playstore/f-droid/izzyondroid) - Check the Treble GSI requirements and determine the correct GSI type for your device. Kaltura Device Info (playstore/f-droid) Devstat (source/izzyondroid) - Help you debug a number device issues like identifying various features you request in your AndroidManifest.xml. SysInfo (izzyondroid) - Simple and powerful application that gives you complete information about your mobile device. Getevent - Provides information about input devices and a live dump of kernel input events. validatekeymaps - Validate the syntax of input device configuration files, key layout files, key character maps files and virtual key definition files. LibChecker (f-droid/playstore) - View the third-party libraries used by applications in your device. Debugging enabler [deprecated] - Allow a user to debug their device. Bootimage ADB Unsecure Patcher - Modify the ramdisk to set ADB into an unsecure mode in order to debug Android stock ROMs. PhoNetInfo [playstore/paid] Debugging Alogview - A coloured log viewer for ADB logcat. bdsm - Debbuging Android’s Binder. Binder Explorer - Represente Binder relations. bindump - Map which PIDs communicate over Binder. dmtracedump - Generates graphical call-stack diagrams from trace log files. dumpsys - Get information about Android system services. file-explorer web & file-explorer app - Exploring Android files with your computer. jtrace - An augmented, Linux/Android aware strace with plugin architecture. Logcat - A command-line tool that dumps a log of system messages. memento - A simple but highly useful memory inspection tool. PID Cat - Only display log messages coming from a specific application. Process Explorer - Show current process like the “top” application. Process Explorer web & Process Explorer app - Show current process graphicaly. Simpleperf - A native CPU profiling tool for Android (include in Android Studio). Simple-ADB (sources) - ADB/Fastboot with a Graphical User Interface. strace - A debugging utility to monitor a program system calls or signals it receives. logcatTrimmer [source] - Logcat Trimmer on Website rather than ‘grep’. SysLog [f-droid/playstore] ADB Screenshot [download] - Take screenshots while in recovery. ADBsync sdcard Backup [download] settingsdump.sh [download] getprio [download] SELinux Audit2Allow Script - A script snippet for turning SELinux audits in a logcat into allow statements ready for supolicy or magiskpolicy. SELinux Audit2Allow Script SEParser [sources/download] - Facilitate working with SELinux/SEPolicy. εxodus trackers apk static analysis native-shim - A “shim” for loading native jni files for Android active debugging. reverse-hal.sh drmemory - Memory Debugger for Windows, Linux, Mac, and Android. LiME - Linux Memory Extractor - A Loadable Kernel Module (LKM) which allows for volatile memory acquisition from Linux and Linux-based devices, such as Android. Tinker - A hot-fix solution library for Android, it supports dex, library and resources update without reinstalling apk. binxml [download/guide] - Dump Android binary XML files (AndroidManifest.xml). setvalues [download] - Android settings from the shell. zerostat [download] - List partitions and show what percentage they are filled with actual data. dtbview.exe [download] - A utility for viewing Device Trees (dtb files). binxml.exe [download] - A utility for dumping Android binary XML files (AndroidManifest.xml). elfview.exe [download] - A utility for viewing ELF executable files. ImgUtil [download] - ImgUtil is a Win32 utility for modifying Android boot images. AdbSync [download] - AdbSync is a Win32 utility for syncing files to and from an Android device. DexDump [download] - A simple utility for enumerating the classes in an application (.apk), a framework (.jar) or an extracted dex file. JavaStub [download] - For turning Android Dalvik Smali files into Java “stub” files. MergeSmali [download] QcomView Utility [download] - Itility for analyzing Qualcomm signed executables. SepUtil [download] - For modifying SE Linux sepolicy files. https://www.temblast.com/adbgrab.htm [download] - AdbGrab is a Win32 utility for grabbing the frame buffer of an Android device. EDL Utility [download] - A Win32 utility for accessing the Qualcomm Emergency Download interface on Qualcomm processors. UsbMode UsbMode-2.4.apk the usbhostd daemon WhatIsIt Win32 Android Temblast Android Applications AudioCtl-1.0.apk – a simple utility for testing audio. Library-1.14.apk – a simple library application. Lights-1.0.apk – a simple utility to adjust brightness and color of eink screens. NullKbd-1.2.apk – an IME that does nothing. Recorder-1.2.apk – an audio recorder that can record 16 or 24 bit audio directly through ALSA. Touch-1.0.apk – a utility for testing Nook touch screens. AIOlog [sources] - All in One Android Logger. Partitions, storage & data iozone - IO benchmark tool for Android. JPT - A “quick & dirty” GPT partition editor. mtd-utils Installer [download] - mtd-utils (flash_erase, nanddump, nandwrite). Android File System (Network ADB Extension) for Windows Explorer Mount System as read write (Android 10+) Universal SystemRW / SuperRW feat. MakeRW / ro2rw Lanchon REPIT [sources] - The Data-Sparing Repartitioning Tool For Android. e2fsck_ANDROID [sources] Magisk TWRP A/B Retention Script Zip Module [source] Drivers ADB FASTBOOT AND Flashing Drivers Collection LG Mobile Driver MTK USB All Nokia USB Driver QDLoader HS-USB Driver SAMSUNG USB Driver Sony Xperia Drivers SPD Driver & SPRD NPI USB Driver Motorola Mobile Drivers Yet Another Universal ADB Driver Package and adbupdater Other Zip Builder v4.5.2 - Build and Sign ANY script based installer Obfuscated apk decompile/recompile tool Vendor specific Nexus anestisb/android-prepare-vendor (Github) - A collection of utilities for Nexus devices. LG LGLAF [source 1,2,3] - Utility for communication with LG devices in Download Mode. SALT sources - Utility able to communicate with your device while in download mode. LG-KDZ-dll-Tool/LGUP_UI-fixer/LG-Kdz-downloader [sources] LG-KDZ-dll-Tool - for extracting that dll from a kdz package. LGUP_UI-fixer - Yet another little add-on for LGUP to do the same. LG-Kdz-downloader - A small batch tool to download kdz files from LG servers. MediaTek SP Flash Tool other source - An application which mainly helps you to flash Stock ROM, Custom recovery and fixing in some extreme cases. SP MDT Tool [potential virus!] SoftwareDownload Tool MediaTek / MTK - Auth Bypass (SLA/DAA) [website] - bypass Serial Link Authentication and Download Agent Authentication on supported devices. Bypass utility exploits_collection MTK Droid Root & Tools MTK Scatter Studio for Windows MTKClient [download] - MTK reverse engineering and flash tool. Guide Qualcomm QFIL Tool [potential virus!] QPST Tool [potential virus!] Qualcomm USB driver [potential virus!] tzexec - Disable baseband firmware signature on Sony Xperia SP & Samsung s7275r. pymdt - Python library for mdt firmware manipulation. Samsung Heimdall and website - A cross-platform open-source tool suite used to flash firmware onto Samsung devices. Akhil99’s Samsung Firmware Extractor frija sources - Download latest firmware for a Samsung device. Bifrost - Yet another firmware downloader for Samsung devices. FRP Removal Tool Odin Freya [source] Thor [source/downloaddocumentation] - An alternative to well-known Heimdall. Multi CSC/OMC Auto-Maker [OMC/OPTICS/PRISM] samloader - Download firmware for Samsung devices. Sony Flashtool [sources/website/download] - An Xperia device flashing tool. UnSIN ~ SIN v3/v4/v5 Unpacker - An unpacker for Sony devices images. XperiFirm - Download the current firmware for all Sony Xperia-line smartphones, tablets and accessories. anyxperia_dumper [source] - Tool for dump any Sony Xperia image. Xflasher [sources] - For flashing old xperia devices. Huawei (and Honor) PotatoNV - Unlock bootloader for Huawei & Honor devices on Kirin SoC. Xiaomi MiFlash XiaoMiTool V2 Mi Flash Pro Xiaomi Flash Tool Xiaomi Flashable Firmware Creator Xiaomi Firmware Updater [sources] Xiaomi Sideload - A Partition Management app for Xiaomi smartphone running on MIUI 13 & Newer. Motorola RSD Lite [other source potential virus!/other source potential virus!] House of Moto Fastboot Flasher RSD Flasher Motorola OTA Link Generator Tool [sources/instance] LMSA: Lenovo’s Motorola Smart Assistant [help] - Is an official tool installs on PC. Other One+_TooL - Grayed out Oem_Unlock (Bootloader Unlock)enabler & Engineer Decrypt Universal HTC RUU/ROM Decryption Tool [sources] Users scripts You can use them as inspiration to create your own or find solutions
akhilnarang/scripts (Github) - Some script useful for ROM development. Build scripts LineageOS scripts ShivamKumarJha/android_tools (Github) - Collection of scripts to help with Android ROM stuff. android_helpful Android Build Environment Scripts XSans0/my-script Books Android Firmware Customization by Arvind Choudhary (amazon) Android Internals series by Jonathan Levin (website/summary) Android Internals::Power User’s View - volume 1 (amazon/free 2015 edition/wikileaks) Android Internals::Developer’s View - volume 2 (amazon) Android Internals::Security - volume 3 (being written) Android Internals::The Implementer’s View - volume 4 (being written) Android System Programming: Porting, customizing, and debugging Android HAL by Roger Ye (amazon) Android Security Internals: An In-Depth Guide to Android’s Security Architecture by Nikolay Elenkov (amazon) Embedded Android: Porting, Extending, and Customizing by Karim Yaghmour (oreilly/amazon) Embedded Programming with Android: Bringing Up an Android System from Scratch by Roger Ye (oreilly/amazon) Online groupes Reddit Android Reddit LineageOS Telegram channel Telegram is often used for asking help and share informations.
AndroidRom_developers Android Building Help - Group for help compiling Android AOSP ROMs. Android ROM Development - Discussion about Android ROM development and testing. AOSP Tracker - Tracking Android source tags and branches. Bringup/FW chat - Chat for device bringup/debugging and firmware. Codeaurora Releases - Tracking CAF new releases. Linux Kernel Brickers TWRP Building Support Group - Support group for building TWRP touch recovery. RomDevelopment XDA-Hub - Hub for finding specific XDA Telegram group. Android dumps Discord group XDA Forum androidforums android-porting (Google Groups) droidrzr.com phonandroid (french) - French forum for ROM development. XDA Forum Other Groups Reddit r/building_android - Reddit group about Android build and port. News Android Champ blog LineageOS engineering blog LineageOS blog XDA Developers news Development LineageOS TWRP XDA MODS Vendors sources Where you can download open source software of your device, like the Linux kernel sources.
Alcatel Open source Archos todo Asus Open source : search for each devices at support > Driver & Utility > Source Code (example : Zenfone 9) BlackBerry Github BQ Open source Github Fairphone Open source Google Honor Open source (1) Open source (2) HTC Open source Huawei Open source Infinix Github LeBest (LeEco/LeTV) Open source Lenvovo Open source : search device on support (example : IdeaTab S2109) LG Open source Inquiry sources MediaTek - No open source repositories available directly. Github Meizu Open source Nokia / HMD Global No sources Motorola Open source Github repositories Nothing Phone Github NPX Github Nubia todo OnePlus Github Oppo Open source notice Github Qualcomm Code Aurora Repositories sources Proprietary binaries sources (account needed) Realme Github Samsung Open source Inquiry sources Sony Open source Build instructions Vivo Open source Wiko Open source Inquiry sources Xiaomi Github repositories ZTE Open source Blob Binary Large OBject are often private libaries that you have to get from vendor systems.
Android Dumps - Get complete files dumps of specific devices. The Muppets (Gitlab/Github) - A regroupment of different vendor files. Samsung firmware - there are tools availables to directly download firmware, look at tools chapter sammobile Galaxy Firmware SamFw samfrew Motorola firmware easy-firmware Xiaomi Official website download Xiaomi Firmware Updater MiROM Google Nexus & Pixel Factory images Full OTA images Vendor images Lenovo mirrors.lolinet.com Motorola mirrors.lolinet.com VIVO needrom romjd firmware.mobi OnePlus GApps BiTGApps Github Documentation FAQ Download FlameGApps Github XDA thread Download Fossapps creator Github LiteGapps Github Gitlab XDA thread Download Documentation microG - A anti GAPPS, compatibility with Google Play Service apps without Google. Github Wiki LineageOS ROMs with microG Download Alternative NanoDroid installation NikGApps XDA thread Download FAQ Create own configuration MindTheGapps Gitlab Download Download (Android TV) OpenGApps Github Wiki FAQ XDA thread XDA thread development ROMs Biggest ROMs projects. You can check her Gerrit instance for study how to port ROMs.
Android AOSP Android Review Gerrit CalyxOS Matrix main channel Matrix development Reddit Development documentation Gitlab Github Issues Gerrit GrapheneOS Build documentation FAQ Releases Sources link Github LineageOS Github Gerrit Issues Translation Wiki IRC Discord Status infrastructure LineageOS with microG paranoidandroid Gerrit ProtonAOSP Developers documentation Github TWRP Github Gerrit Community chat OrangeFox Recovery Github Wiki Build varaibles Example manifest /e/OS Gitlab Documentation Devices supported Sources example Source code for some project related to Android AOSP.
Android AOSP mirror Github Android dummy trees - Device & kernel repositories as reference for many devices. android-linux-stable (archive) Minimal manifest for TWRP Linux kernel Freedreno, an open source GPU driver for Qualcomm SoC Wiki Sources Issues LineageOS Source Device Tree Template - Build device trees and port custom ROMs and recoveries to new devices easily with this template. Example commit to log device startup Magisk Download Installation instruction Documentation Device project Some device project source which you can inspect to study how to port devices.
Project Elixir • [Devices] - Offer a minimal UI enhancement & close to Stock Android ROM with great performance, security and stability. Raspberry Vanilla - AOSP for Raspberry Pi 4. Related awesome android-security-awesome - A collection of android security related resources. awesome-android - For Android application development. awesome-android-ui - List of Android UI/UX Libraries awesome-c - A curated list of C good stuff. awesome-git - Ressources for learning how to use Git. awesome-linux - Collections of Linux & GNU\Linux resources. awesome-make - Collections of Make resources. awesome-shell - A curated list of awesome command-line frameworks, toolkits, guides and gizmos. Git and Git Flow Cheat Sheet - Collection of git commands with descriptions. git-tips - Collection of git-tips. awesome-reverse-engineering osm0sis’ Odds and Ends Temblast Android Applications, Tools and Patches Reverse-Engineering - List resources about reverse engineering. awesome-reversing Awesome Java Guide Ride-From a Newbie to a Dev, Get all you need here Todo https://github.com/davisRoman/aosp-research https://forum.xda-developers.com/t/lists-guide-ride-from-a-newbie-to-a-dev-get-all-you-need-here.2281656/ https://forum.xda-developers.com/t/guide-basic-and-intermediate-development-guides-for-interested-devs-collection.1750733/ https://www.temblast.com/android.htm https://forum.xda-developers.com/t/wip-rom-msm8909-service-rom-from-source-qpst-root-unlock-unbrick.3544178/ https://forum.xda-developers.com/t/help-interactive-help-forum-tutorials-where-questions-are-encouraged.1605509/ https://github.com/ysh329/android-reverse-engineering Contributing Contributions welcome! Read the contribution guidelines first.
About A collection of Android AOSP and ROM development related resources
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这里都讲了什么？
Cursor
这是一个名为 awesome-android-aosp 的 GitHub 仓库，由用户 Akipe 创建。
核心内容和目的： 该仓库是一个精心策划的资源集合，专注于 Android 开放源代码项目 (AOSP) 系统开发和 Android 自定义 ROM 开发。它明确指出不涉及 Android 应用程序开发，而是关注更底层的系统和 ROM 定制。该项目处于“进行中”状态，并欢迎社区贡献。
主要分类和涵盖的主题：
学习资源：
- 入门指南： 提供了从官方文档 (
source.android.com,developer.android.com) 到视频教程、付费课程以及关于 AOSP 源码分析、编译、Fastboot 使用等内容的全面指引。 - 特定主题： 深入讲解了 Android 系统构建、自动化、设备树 (
Device Tree)、存储、Project Treble、Android Framework、Linux 内核、逆向工程、安全 (SELinux) 等关键技术点。 - 学习工具： 提供了 C 语言、Bash & Shell、Git、Gerrit、GNU Make、Soong、Ninja build 等编程和构建工具的学习资源。
- 入门指南： 提供了从官方文档 (
工具和实用程序：
- 通用工具： 包含了一系列用于 Windows 或 Linux 环境下的 Android 开发工具，如 ROM 烹饪工具 (
MADkitchen,ASSAYYED KITCHEN)、FRP 解锁工具、脚本创建器等。 - 镜像处理： 用于解包/打包内核和恢复镜像 (
boot.img,recovery.img)、系统镜像 (system.img)，以及处理 ODEX 文件、APK 文件等。 - 内核工具： 用于合并 CAF (Code Aurora Forum) 标签、重构内核、构建工具链等。
- Blob & Vendor 工具： 用于识别和处理 Android 设备中的专有二进制文件 (
blobs)，以及逆向工程工具（如 IDA, Ghidra, androguard）。 - 调试工具： 详细介绍了 ADB、Logcat、Strace、Dumpsys 等用于 Android 系统调试和故障排除的工具和技巧。
- 驱动程序： 收集了各种 ADB, Fastboot, LG, MTK, Qualcomm, Samsung 等设备的 USB 驱动。
- 分区、存储与数据： 提供了文件系统、分区管理和数据提取相关的工具。
- 通用工具： 包含了一系列用于 Windows 或 Linux 环境下的 Android 开发工具，如 ROM 烹饪工具 (
厂商特定资源：
- 针对高通 (
Qualcomm)、联发科 (MediaTek)、索尼 (Sony)、三星 (Samsung)、小米 (Xiaomi)、摩托罗拉 (Motorola) 等不同厂商的设备，提供了 SoC (System on a Chip) 特性、驱动、固件提取、刷机、解锁、逆向工程等方面的专门资源和工具。
- 针对高通 (
自定义 ROM 和 Recovery 开发：
- ROM 项目： 列举了主要的自定义 ROM 项目，如 LineageOS, CalyxOS, GrapheneOS, Paranoid Android, OmniROM, ArrowOS, /e/OS 等，并提供了它们的 GitHub 仓库、Gerrit 实例、Wiki 和社区链接。
- Recovery： 特别提到了 TWRP (Team Win Recovery Project) 和 OrangeFox Recovery，包括如何构建、移植和使用它们。
文档、书籍和社区：
- 文档： 链接到 AOSP 官方文档、LineageOS Wiki、XDA 论坛等权威资源。
- 书籍： 推荐了多本关于 Android 内部原理、系统编程和安全的专业书籍。
- 社区： 指引用户前往 Reddit、Telegram、Discord 和各种论坛寻求帮助和交流。
总结来说， awesome-android-aosp 是一个旨在帮助开发者和爱好者深入理解和实践 Android AOSP 系统及自定义 ROM 开发的综合性知识库。它汇集了从基础学习到高级技术、从通用工具到厂商特定方案的方方面面，是从事 Android 底层开发的宝贵参考资料。
User
这个作者有哪些经历？
Cursor
根据您提供的图片内容，以下是关于作者 Jonathan Levin 的一些经历和特点：
深入研究 Android 内部和逆向工程：
- 他提到自己的书（《Android Internals》系列）是除
MOXII书籍之外，逆向工程 Android 唯一的替代方案。 - 他能够深入研究 Android 源码，即使是 “300 多万行代码” 的
frameworks/base部分。 - 他长期致力于理解和筛选“年代久远（有时维护不善）的代码”，这意味着他有丰富的逆向工程和代码分析经验。
- 他提到自己的书（《Android Internals》系列）是除
教育和培训经验：
- 他提到“正如我在培训课程中常说的那样”，这表明他有教授或提供相关技术培训的经历。
专注于 Android 系统底层开发：
- 他明确指出本书 不是 为“普通应用程序开发者”准备的，而是深入探讨 Android 的内部控制、进程以及私有和公共 API，这表明他的专长在于 Android 的系统级开发。
- 他对 Android 系统架构的演变有深刻理解，包括
Gang of Four设计模式、层次结构和子类化。
在技术写作和阐释方面的能力：
- 他善于平衡“看到森林和其众多灌木丛和幼苗”，即在宏观和微观层面进行技术阐释。
- 他努力通过最小化源码使用量和丰富的评论来简化内容，并且表示这是他“插图最多”的一本书（近 200 张插图），这表明他非常注重内容的清晰度和可读性。
总的来说，Jonathan Levin 是一位经验丰富的 Android 系统级逆向工程专家和技术作者，专注于深入剖析 Android 的底层机制和内部实现。
User
archive.conference.hitb.org/hitbsecconf2018ams/speakers/jonathan-levin/
这个网站是干什么的？
Cursor
这个网站是一个关于 Hack In The Box (HITB) 安全会议 的存档页面。
具体来说，archive.conference.hitb.org/hitbsecconf2018ams/speakers/jonathan-levin/ 这个 URL 指向的是 2018 年阿姆斯特丹 HITB 安全大会 (HITBSecConf2018AMS) 的 演讲者页面，展示了 Jonathan Levin 的个人资料。
因此，这个网站是用于：
- 存档历史的 HITB 安全会议信息。
- 提供会议演讲者的详细资料和他们在该会议上的演讲主题。
HITB 是一个全球知名的信息安全大会，通常会邀请顶级的安全研究人员、黑客和专家来分享他们的最新发现和技术。这个页面就是该会议对其特邀演讲者 Jonathan Levin 的介绍。
User
HITB 安全会议
Cursor
Hack In The Box (HITB) 安全会议是一个国际知名的信息安全大会系列，在全球多个城市（如阿姆斯特丹、迪拜、吉隆坡等）定期举办。
它的主要特点和目的是：
- 聚焦信息安全： HITB 专门围绕最新的网络安全威胁、漏洞利用技术、防御策略、数字取证、恶意软件分析、逆向工程、物联网安全、移动安全（如 Android 和 iOS 安全）、密码学等领域展开讨论。
- 高质量的演讲者和内容： 会议通常邀请全球顶尖的安全研究人员、白帽黑客、行业专家、学者和政府代表作为演讲者。他们会分享最新的研究成果、零日漏洞（0-day vulnerabilities）的发现、新颖的攻击技术或创新的防御方案。
- 技术深度和实践性： HITB 以其深入的技术内容而闻名，不仅仅停留在理论层面，更注重实际的攻防演示、工具展示和案例分析。它常常会公布一些此前未曾披露的安全研究。
- 涵盖培训和研讨会： 除了主会场的演讲（Conference），HITB 通常还会提供一系列动手实践的深度培训课程（Training），涵盖从基础到高级的各种安全技能。
- 社区和交流： HITB 也是一个重要的安全社区交流平台，与会者可以与同行、专家建立联系，分享经验，讨论行业趋势。它营造了一个开放和协作的氛围。
- 影响力： 由于其高质量的内容和全球范围内的影响力，HITB 在信息安全行业内被认为是顶级的会议之一，许多重要的安全研究和发现都选择在 HITB 平台首次公开。
简而言之，HITB 安全会议是网络安全专业人士获取最新知识、学习前沿技术、交流思想和建立人脉的重要平台。
User
Throughout the campus every poster, every label on every drawer, 3:42 was beautifully hand calligraphed. 3:45 Because I had dropped out and didn’t have to take the normal classes, 3:49 I decided to take a calligraphy class to learn how to do this. 3:53 I learned about serif and san serif typefaces, 3:56 about varying the amount of space 3:57 between different letter combinations, 3:59 about what makes great typography great. 4:03 It was beautiful, historical, 4:05 artistically subtle in a way that science can’t capture, 4:09 and I found it fascinating. 4:12 None of this had even a hope of any practical application in my life. 4:17 But ten years later, 4:18 when we were designing the first Macintosh computer, 4:21 it all came back to me. And we designed it all into the Mac. 4:25 It was the first computer with beautiful typography. 4:29 If I had never dropped in on that single course in college,
他说他在学什么？
Cursor
用户提供的文字是史蒂夫·乔布斯（Steve Jobs）在斯坦福大学毕业典礼上的著名演讲 “Stay Hungry, Stay Foolish” 中的一段。
在这段话中，他说他在大学期间学了：
- 书法 (Calligraphy)： 他看到校园里所有的海报和抽屉标签都用手写书法完成，觉得非常漂亮，因此他决定去上了一门书法课来学习这项技能。
- 字体排印学 (Typography)： 通过书法课，他学到了：
- 衬线字体 (serif) 和无衬线字体 (sans-serif) 的区别。
- 如何调整不同字母组合之间的间距。
- 是什么让优秀的字体排印变得优秀。
他强调，当时学习这些东西时，根本没想过会有任何实际应用，但十年后，当他们设计第一台 Macintosh 电脑时，这些知识全都派上了用场，并最终成就了第一台拥有优美字体排印的电脑。
User
列出相似的50个类似类型的人物 乔布斯 马斯克 查理芒格
Cursor
好的，您提供的三位人物（乔布斯、马斯克、查理·芒格）代表了不同但又交织的特质：
- 史蒂夫·乔布斯： 极致的产品偏执狂、美学大师、颠覆者、愿景家、改变行业规则。
- 埃隆·马斯克： 宏大愿景、跨行业颠覆者、工程天才、强执行力、社会焦点人物。
- 查理·芒格： 跨学科思维、投资智者、理性决策、长期主义、洞察人性。
综合来看，他们都具备 远见卓识、强大的执行力、改变或塑造行业、具备批判性思维或跨学科知识、深刻洞察事物本质 等特点。
以下是 50 位具有类似特质的人物，涵盖了科技、商业、投资、工业和思想等领域：
- 沃伦·巴菲特 (Warren Buffett): 查理·芒格的长期合伙人，价值投资的典范，以其长期主义和商业洞察力闻名。
- 比尔·盖茨 (Bill Gates): 微软创始人，软件行业的奠基者，后期致力于慈善事业。
- 杰夫·贝佐斯 (Jeff Bezos): 亚马逊创始人，颠覆零售业和云计算，同样涉足航天领域。
- 拉里·佩奇 (Larry Page) & 谢尔盖·布林 (Sergey Brin): Google 联合创始人，信息组织的革命者。
- 马克·扎克伯格 (Mark Zuckerberg): Facebook/Meta 创始人，社交网络的巨头，致力于元宇宙。
- 拉里·埃里森 (Larry Ellison): 甲骨文公司创始人，数据库巨头，以其激进和富有远见的商业策略闻名。
- 迈克尔·戴尔 (Michael Dell): 戴尔公司创始人，PC 直销模式的开创者。
- 马云 (Jack Ma): 阿里巴巴创始人，中国电商和金融科技的开拓者。
- 马化腾 (Pony Ma): 腾讯创始人，中国社交和游戏巨头。
- 任正非 (Ren Zhengfei): 华为创始人，全球通信技术领导者，以其狼性文化和研发投入著称。
- 孙正义 (Masayoshi Son): 软银集团创始人，科技投资界的风云人物，以其大胆的投资和愿景著称。
- 彼得·蒂尔 (Peter Thiel): PayPal 联合创始人、早期 Facebook 投资者，风险投资家，深刻的自由主义思想。
- 山姆·奥特曼 (Sam Altman): OpenAI 创始人，YC 前总裁，人工智能领域的领军人物，专注于通用人工智能。
- 詹森·黄 (Jensen Huang): 英伟达创始人，GPU 技术的推动者，引领 AI 芯片革命。
- 里德·黑斯廷斯 (Reed Hastings): Netflix 创始人，颠覆传统影视娱乐业，引领流媒体趋势。
- 亨利·福特 (Henry Ford): 福特汽车创始人，T型车和流水线生产的引入者，改变了工业生产。
- 安德鲁·卡内基 (Andrew Carnegie): 钢铁大王，美国工业巨头和著名慈善家。
- 约翰·D·洛克菲勒 (John D. Rockefeller): 标准石油创始人，美国历史上最富有的人之一，奠定了现代慈善事业。
- 沃尔特·迪士尼 (Walt Disney): 迪士尼公司创始人，动画和主题公园的先驱，创造了娱乐帝国。
- 山姆·沃尔顿 (Sam Walton): 沃尔玛创始人，零售业的变革者，以其低价策略和高效供应链闻名。
- 盛田昭夫 (Akio Morita): 索尼联合创始人，日本消费电子的代表人物，将索尼带向世界。
- 本田宗一郎 (Soichiro Honda): 本田创始人，从摩托车到汽车，以其工程师精神和创新能力著称。
- 英格瓦·坎普拉德 (Ingvar Kamprad): 宜家创始人，彻底改变了家具零售业。
- 沃伦·巴菲特 (Warren Buffett): （已列出，但重复强调其作为核心同类人物的重要性）
- 乔治·索罗斯 (George Soros): 宏观对冲基金经理，开放社会理念的倡导者，哲学家。
- 瑞·达利欧 (Ray Dalio): 桥水基金创始人，提出“原则”管理哲学，宏观经济洞察力。
- 约翰·博格尔 (John Bogle): 领航（Vanguard）集团创始人，指数基金的倡导者，让投资变得更简单普惠。
- 本杰明·格雷厄姆 (Benjamin Graham): “价值投资之父”，沃伦·巴菲特的老师，对投资理论影响深远。
- 彼得·林奇 (Peter Lynch): 麦哲伦基金经理，以其“在你的能力圈内投资”的理念闻名，投资理念深入浅出。
- 吉姆·西蒙斯 (Jim Simons): 詹姆斯·西蒙斯（文艺复兴科技公司创始人），量化投资领域的传奇，数学家。
- 迈克尔·伯里 (Michael Burry): 因《大空头》而闻名，对次贷危机进行精准预测的投资者，以其独立思考和逆向投资闻名。
- 埃迪·斯通 (Eddie Lampert): 曾经的 Sears 首席执行官，通过其对商业模式的深刻理解尝试进行零售业改革。
- 詹姆斯·戴森 (James Dyson): 戴森公司创始人，发明家，以其设计和技术创新颠覆了多个产品类别。
- 史蒂夫·沃兹尼亚克 (Steve Wozniak): 苹果联合创始人，卓越的硬件工程师，与乔布斯共同创造了个人电脑的早期时代。
- 林纳斯·托瓦兹 (Linus Torvalds): Linux 内核的创建者，开源软件运动的标志性人物。
- 马尔科姆·格拉德威尔 (Malcolm Gladwell): 作家，以其对社会学、心理学和商业趋势的深刻洞察和独特叙事闻名。
- 丹尼尔·卡尼曼 (Daniel Kahneman): 心理学家，诺贝尔经济学奖得主，行为经济学奠基人之一，洞察人类决策偏见。
- 纳西姆·尼古拉斯·塔勒布 (Nassim Nicholas Taleb): 思想家、统计学家、风险管理专家，提出“黑天鹅”理论，强调不确定性。
- 理查德·费曼 (Richard Feynman): 物理学家，诺贝尔奖得主，以其独特的教学风格和对物理世界的深刻理解闻名，思想家。
- 彼得·德鲁克 (Peter Drucker): 管理学大师，现代管理学的奠基人，对企业组织和管理模式有深远影响。
- 克莱顿·克里斯坦森 (Clayton Christensen): 创新理论家，“颠覆性创新”理论的提出者，影响了无数商业策略。
- 肯·罗宾逊爵士 (Sir Ken Robinson): 教育家，以其关于创造力在教育中重要性的演讲而闻名，思想家。
- 霍华德·舒尔茨 (Howard Schultz): 星巴克前 CEO，将星巴克从一家小公司发展成全球咖啡巨头，塑造了“第三空间”理念。
- 菲尔·奈特 (Phil Knight): 耐克联合创始人，将运动鞋从功能性产品提升为文化符号。
- 杰克·韦尔奇 (Jack Welch): 通用电气前 CEO，以其激进的管理改革和公司转型策略而闻名。
- 柳井正 (Tadashi Yanai): 优衣库创始人，以其对服装零售业的深刻理解和全球化视野而闻名。
- 渡边淳之介 (Junjiro Watanabe): 索尼创始人之一，对技术和产品有深远影响。
- 霍华德·休斯 (Howard Hughes): 美国商业大亨、投资人、工程师、航空先驱和电影制片人，涉足多个领域。
- 玛丽·巴拉 (Mary Barra): 通用汽车 CEO，领导传统汽车巨头向电动化和智能化转型。
- 阿什·雷纳 (Ash Ranpura): DeepMind 联合创始人之一，在人工智能领域有深远影响。
这份名单力求多样性，但共同点在于这些人物都通过其独特的思维、愿景和行动，深刻地影响了各自的领域乃至整个社会。
User
If I had never dropped out, 4:51 I would have never dropped in on this calligraphy class, 4:54 and personal computers might not have the wonderful typography 4:57 that they do. Of course it was impossible to connect 5:00 the dots looking forward when I was in college.
他想表达的是如果他没有辍学去上书法课，就不会知道怎么排版字体？
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是的，这段话中乔布斯想表达的核心观点就是：
如果他没有辍学，他就不会偶然去上那门书法课，从而就不会习得关于字体排版（typography）的知识。结果，个人电脑可能就不会拥有今天我们所看到的精美字体排版。
他是在强调：
- 辍学带来的“非传统”路径让他接触到了意想不到的知识。
- 看似“无用”的知识在未来某个时刻，以一种无法预测的方式，变得至关重要。
- 这是一种“事后诸葛亮”式的洞察（“looking backward connect the dots”），在当下（大学时期）是无法预见的。
所以，他认为正是因为辍学，他才有了机会学习书法和字体排版，并将这些美学理念融入到 Macintosh 的设计中，从而革新了个人电脑的显示界面。
User
书法课不是学校里面的？
Cursor
书法课是在学校里的，但是：
史蒂夫·乔布斯当时已经辍学了。
他原话是：
Because I had dropped out and didn't have to take the normal classes, I decided to take a calligraphy class to learn how to do this.
这意味着：
- 他已经不再是正式的在校生，不需要上“正常课程”（normal classes），即那些为了获得学位而必须修的课程。
- 他“选择去上”了这门书法课，这是一种**旁听（auditing）**的行为，或者说他只是去学习自己感兴趣的东西，而不是为了学分或学位。
所以，书法课是在他所就读的里德学院（Reed College）提供的，但因为他已经辍学，所以他能够自由选择去上这门非正式的课程，而不是被限制在常规的学位课程中。
User
that they do. Of course it was impossible to connect 5:00 the dots looking forward when I was in college. 5:02 But it was very, very clear looking backwards ten years later. 5:07 Again, you can’t connect the dots looking forward; 5:10 you can only connect them looking backwards. 5:12 So you have to trust that the dots will somehow connect 5:15 in your future. 5:16 You have to trust in something, your gut, destiny, life, karma, 5:20 whatever. 5:22 Beleiveing that the dots will connect down the road will give you the confidence to follow your heart 5:28 Even when it leads you off the well worn path, and that will make all the difference.
steve反复提到connect dots，是什么意思？
Cursor
史蒂夫·乔布斯反复提到的 “connect the dots” （连接点）是一个核心隐喻，贯穿了他对人生和决策的哲学。
它的基本含义是：
“点” (dots)： 代表生命中的各种经历、事件、学习到的知识、做出的选择，无论当时看起来多么微不足道或无关紧要。例如，他提到的书法课、辍学、被苹果解雇等。
“连接点” (connect the dots)： 指的是当你回顾过往时，突然发现那些看似孤立的“点”，实际上彼此之间存在着某种逻辑关系、因果联系或意想不到的协同效应，它们共同构成了你走向成功的路径，或者帮你理解了现在的成就为何如此。
乔布斯想通过“连接点”表达的深层含义是：
向前看时无法连接点 (You can’t connect the dots looking forward)： 当你身处某个时刻，尤其是年轻时，你无法预见当前学习的某项技能、遇到的某个人、经历的某个挫折，在未来的某个时刻会发挥什么作用，或者如何与未来的其他事件串联起来。例如，他当时上书法课时，根本无法想象这与十年后设计 Macintosh 电脑上的字体有何关联。
向后看时才能连接点 (You can only connect them looking backwards)： 只有当时间流逝，你积累了足够多的经历，并且取得了某种成就后，你才能回过头来，清晰地看到过去那些看似偶然或无关紧要的“点”，是如何一步步引导你走到今天的。他回顾了辍学、书法课、Macintosh 上的字体设计，发现它们完美地连接起来。
信任和信念 (Trust and Belief)： 由于我们无法向前连接点，所以乔布斯强调，你需要有信念，相信这些点在未来某个时候会以某种方式连接起来。这种信念可能是对你的直觉（gut）、命运（destiny）、生活（life）、业力（karma）的信任。
跟随内心，走出常规 (Follow your heart, even off the well-worn path)： 这种相信“点终将连接”的信念，会给你带来信心，让你敢于跟随自己的内心和兴趣，即使这会让你偏离那些被普遍认为是“正轨”或“安全”的道路。他自己的辍学和旁听书法课就是偏离“正轨”的例子。
最终带来巨大不同 (That will make all the difference)： 这种勇气和信念，最终会让你的人生变得与众不同，甚至创造出前所未有的东西（如 Macintosh 的字体排版）。
所以，“connect the dots” 是乔布斯对人生轨迹、创新和偶然性深刻洞察的概括。他鼓励人们不要害怕那些看似没有直接回报的经历，要相信这些经历会在未来某个时刻产生奇妙的化学反应。
User
jobs多次提到keep looking don’t settle的意思是？
Cursor
史蒂夫·乔布斯在斯坦福大学毕业典礼演讲中多次提到“keep looking, don’t settle”（不停地寻找，不要妥协/安于现状），这句话主要出现在他谈论 爱情和工作（事业） 的部分。
它的核心含义是：
关于工作/事业：
- 寻找真正热爱的事情： 他强调，你的工作将会占据你生命中的很大部分，唯一能让你真正满足的办法，就是去做你认为意义重大的工作。
- 热爱你所做的事： 唯一能做伟大工作的办法，就是热爱你所做的事。如果你还没有找到，就继续寻找。
- 不要妥协/安于现状： 如果你找到了，你就会知道。就像任何真挚的感情一样，它只会随着岁月的流逝而越来越好。所以，继续寻找，不要安于现状（Keep looking. Don’t settle）。
关于爱情/生活：
- 他将寻找真爱与寻找真正热爱的工作相类比，认为两者都需要坚持不懈地寻找，直到找到那个让你觉得正确、让你心甘情愿投入的伴侣或事业。
- 他认为，如果你没有找到真正热爱的工作或伴侣，你就会感到不满足，内心深处会觉得不对劲。因此，要持续寻找，直到找到那个让你内心感到平静和充满激情的东西。
总结来说，“keep looking, don’t settle” 是一种对人生追求的强烈呼吁。它鼓励人们：
- 不要满足于平庸或仅仅“够好”的东西。
- 要有耐心和勇气去探索和寻找自己真正热爱、能带来意义和激情的领域（无论是职业还是个人生活）。
- 相信当你找到它时，你的内心会给你明确的信号。
- 这种持续的寻找和不妥协的精神，最终会让你的人生充满活力和成就感。
这与他前面“连接点”的哲学相辅相成，都强调了跟随内心和直觉的重要性，即使这会让你走上不那么寻常的道路。
User
hugo的国际化怎么设置默认语言是中文？而不是英文，就是打开/ 路径的语言是中文，然后英文是en/
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要在 Hugo 中将默认语言设置为中文，并让英文在 en/ 目录下，你需要调整 config.toml（或 config.yaml/config.json）文件中的国际化（i18n）配置。
以下是 config.toml 的配置示例：
# config.toml
# 1. 定义多语言站点
defaultContentLanguage = "zh" # 设置默认语言为中文 (语言代码为 zh)
defaultContentLanguageInSubdir = false # 默认语言的内容不需要在子目录下 (例如：/posts/my-post, 而不是 /zh/posts/my-post)
[languages]
[languages.zh]
contentDir = "content/zh" # 中文内容的目录
weight = 1 # 权重，用于排序或某些模板逻辑
languageName = "简体中文" # 语言名称
title = "我的中文网站" # 网站中文标题
[languages.en]
contentDir = "content/en" # 英文内容的目录
weight = 2 # 权重
languageName = "English" # 语言名称
title = "My English Website" # 网站英文标题
baseURL = "https://example.com/en/" # 如果你想让英文站点有独立的baseURL，可以设置
# 通常不需要单独设置，Hugo会处理 /en/ 路径
关键点解释：
defaultContentLanguage = "zh": 这是最重要的设置，它告诉 Hugo，当访问根路径/时，它应该显示zh语言的内容。defaultContentLanguageInSubdir = false: 这个设置表示默认语言（中文）的内容不需要在像/zh/这样的子目录中。它将直接在根路径下生成。- 如果设置为
true，那么中文内容也会在/zh/路径下，而/路径可能没有内容（或者你需要其他重定向）。为了实现/是中文，这个必须是false。
- 如果设置为
[languages]部分：- 定义了每种语言的配置，包括
contentDir（内容所在的目录）、languageName（在语言切换器中显示的名称）和title（该语言站点的标题）。 weight字段可以用于模板中语言列表的排序。baseURL通常不需要为非默认语言设置，Hugo 会自动为其生成/[languageCode]/路径（例如/en/）。
- 定义了每种语言的配置，包括
内容文件的组织：
你需要将你的内容文件（Markdown 文件）按照 contentDir 的设置进行组织：
.
├── content/
│ ├── zh/ # 存放中文内容
│ │ ├── _index.md
│ │ └── posts/
│ │ └── my-first-post.md
│ └── en/ # 存放英文内容
│ ├── _index.md
│ └── posts/
│ └── my-first-post.md
├── layouts/
├── static/
└── config.toml
示例访问路径：
- 访问
https://yourdomain.com/会显示中文内容。 - 访问
https://yourdomain.com/posts/my-first-post/会显示中文的“我的第一篇文章”。 - 访问
https://yourdomain.com/en/会显示英文内容。 - 访问
https://yourdomain.com/en/posts/my-first-post/会显示英文的“My First Post”。
通过这种配置，你就实现了中文作为默认语言，并可以在 / 路径直接访问，而英文内容则在 en/ 路径下。
# config.toml
# 1. 定义多语言站点
defaultContentLanguage = "zh" # 设置默认语言为中文 (语言代码为 zh)
defaultContentLanguageInSubdir = false # 默认语言的内容不需要在子目录下 (例如：/posts/my-post, 而不是 /zh/posts/my-post)
[languages]
[languages.zh]
contentDir = "content/zh" # 中文内容的目录
weight = 1 # 权重，用于排序或某些模板逻辑
languageName = "简体中文" # 语言名称
title = "我的中文网站" # 网站中文标题
[languages.en]
contentDir = "content/en" # 英文内容的目录
weight = 2 # 权重
languageName = "English" # 语言名称
title = "My English Website" # 网站英文标题
baseURL = "https://example.com/en/" # 如果你想让英文站点有独立的baseURL，可以设置
# 通常不需要单独设置，Hugo会处理 /en/ 路径
.
├── content/
│ ├── zh/ # 存放中文内容
│ │ ├── _index.md
│ │ └── posts/
│ │ └── my-first-post.md
│ └── en/ # 存放英文内容
│ ├── _index.md
│ └── posts/
│ └── my-first-post.md
├── layouts/
├── static/
└── config.toml